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Biology
Ants 
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Ants are social insects that live in colonies being some of the most successful of insects. Ant colonies include one or more queens, workers, eggs, larvae and pupae. The worker ants maintain their developed structures known as "nests". Nests protect the ants against their enemies, some protection against extremes of weather, and are often placed close to water and food sources. Some ant ...
Biology
Ants 
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There are more then 10,000 species of ants and they all share the same common traits. The traits that they share are three body sections. The body sections are the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head contains a relatively large brain. It also had the eyes, antennae, and the mandibles (which are shaped differently depending on the ant). The antennae are what an ant uses to smell, touch, taste, and ...
Biology
Aquaculture
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Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms in fresh, or salt water. A wide variety of aquatic organisms are produced through aquaculture, including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae, and aquatic plants. Unlike capture fisheries, aquaculture requires deliberate human intervention in the organisms' productivity and results in yields that exceed those from the natural environment alone. Stockin...
Biology
Bacteria reproduction 
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Bacteria are microscopic singular celled organisms grouped in the prokaryote kingdom. They have a seemingly simple internal structure but that is not so the internal structure of a bacterium is quite complicated . Bacterial growth is generally studied in cell cultures by “visible count” estimation which shows an apparent growth curve. (Stephenson 50) The growth curve shows the stages of bacterial ...
Biology
Bioethics 
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As our technology continues to advance, new breakthroughs in medicine are discovered. With these new developments serious ethical and moral questions arise. Advancements in genetic engineering, reproductive technologies, cloning, organ transplanting, and human experimentation are all causes of concern. The Human Genome Project, an incredible scientific undertaking determined to produce a map of th...
Biology
Biology molecule 
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Unit 1 -man is high 50’s to 60% water -distribution in body divided into 3 compartments: 1) intracellular - 28 litres 2) intercellular/interstitial fluid - 11 litres - 80% 3) blood plasma - 3 litres - 20% -women contain less water than men -organisms can contain 60-80% water -bacteria have lots of water -fat cells have little -water’s properties result from its structure and molecular interactions...
Biology
Biology of earth
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Sometime during our lives, we've questioned ourselves at one point just how long has the earth existed and how did life begin? Our Biology book written by: Solomon, Berg, and Martin, shows theories that has taught us that earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old, and the earliest pieces of life form found was dated back to approximately 3.8 billion years old. This only leaves a time space of 8...
Biology
Biomass 
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Many factors contribute to the diversity of life in an environment. The availability of nutrients and sunlight, along with other factors that play a pivotal role in determining what and how much life an area can sustain. While studying the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it came to my attention that the classical pyramid shape of the producer, C1, C2, C3, biomass pyramid did little to take into acco...
Biology
Biosphere 
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The biosphere is part of the earth in which life exists. It is 20 km thick from the bottom of the ocean to the lower atmosphere. It consists of three layers: the lithosphere, which is the land on the surface of the earth; the hydrosphere, which comprises of the water on the earth as well as water vapor in the air; and the atmosphere, which is made up of the air that surrounds the earth. The living...
Biology
Birds evolution
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Every organism at one time or another has to learn to adapt to a new environment. This is why evolution of organism is needed in order to survive changes to its environment, such as the case of the flightless birds. For one reason or another over a period of 100,000 years the need for wings was unnecessary to their survival. There could be many reasons why the birds evolved to be more adaptable to...
Biology
Black footed ferret 
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In the past three decades very few endangered species have been restored to viable populations. The black footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) was believed to be the most endangered mammal in the united states. It is a small mink sized carnivore of the Great plains and intermountain basins The ferrets appear to be obligatory predators on the prairie dogs and once occupied a range essentially identical...
Biology
Bones
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Many people believed that the bone is static and inert, but this idea is incorrect, the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix are continually being recycled and renewed through a process called remodeling. This process goes under way throughout life, as part of normal bone maintenance. Bone remodeling plays a key factor between the activities of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts...
Biology
Bovine tmb 
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Bovine Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine Tuberculosis) (or cattle Tuberculosis) was first discovered by Columella (Louis Junius Moderatus Columella) which was born in Cadiz, Spain and resided in Northern Italy when he discovered the bovine Tuberculosis in the year 14 A D. In 1882 Robert Koch discovered that the connection between human and animal Tuberculosis actually were established. When...
Biology
Cell membrane 
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To study the effect of environmental changes in the permeability of living beet root cells. Procedure A: The effect of pH on the cell membrane Materials & Method 1. Cut a beet root into slices approximately 2mm thick. Use a cork bore to cut out thirty-five (35) slices. 2. Place the discs in a 250 mL beaker and rinse thoroughly in cool running tap water. The red pigment collected comes from the...
Biology
Cell parts 
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Nucleus Cell Wall Cell Membrane Ribosome Mitochondria Vacuoles Nucleolus Endoplasmic Reticulm Lysosomes 5. Have the "cell membrane people" cut the large piece of plastic wrap in half and place each piece on the table. 6. Have the "cytoplasm people" form 2 balls using the plain play-doh or clay. Lay 1 ball on each piece of plastic wrap and press each into a "pancake" a...
Biology
Cell structure and function 
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All living things are made of the same basic building blocks, cells. A human is made of 65 trillion cells. Cells are everywhere, on you skin, in your blood, and even on your tongue. In fact, your blood is clear but red blood cells are what make your blood red. Most living things are made up of many cells but some are made of only one cell, like amebas, paramecium, fungi, protists, monerans, and ba...
Biology
Cellular life 
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In this paper I will show my knowledge of many different topics of Cellular Life. I will explain the theory of biogenesis, cell theory, the history of both and how they tie in together. I will also state the scientific method and why it is important to science. Abbi Spallonzani used Scientific method in his biogenesis experiment. Scientific method are some rules or principles used in research and ...
Biology
Cellular respiration 
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Cellular respiration begins with glucose. Glucose is the primary fuel used in glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration. This molecule is found in the gel-like substance called cytoplasm that fills the cell. In glycolysis, glucose undergoes phosphorylation by ATP. The ATP is converted back to ADP. The glucose molecule is rearranged and undergoes a second phosphorylation by ATP. The secon...
Biology
Ceriodaphnia 
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Anatomy: Ceriodaphnia has six pairs of lobed legs which bear numerous hairs. Their head is bent downwards and is set from the body by a cervical sinus. The head also has two large secondary antennas that are positioned laterally near the posterior margin. (Pennak, 1989) The Ceriodaphnia’s mouth is located near the junction of the head and body. The Ceriodaphnia’s body is covered by a carapace whic...
Biology
Charles darwin
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Like many students, Charles Darwin was only interested in topics that was interesting to him and although his father was a doctor, Darwin was very uninterested in medicine and he also couldn't stand the sight of surgery. He did eventually get a degree in Theology from Cambridge University, Although Theology was a minor interest to him. What Darwin really liked to do was climb over hills, obser...
Biology
Charles darwin and natural selection 
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Charles Darwin revolutionized biology when he introduced The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. Although Wallace had also came upon this revelation shortly before Origins was published, Darwin had long been in development of this theory. Wallace amicably relinquished the idea to Darwin, allowing him to become the first pioneer of evolution. Darwin was not driven to publish h...
Biology
Charles darwin 
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Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He was the son of Robert Waring Darwin and his wife Susannah; and the grandson of the scientist Erasmus Darwin, and of the potter Josiah Wedgwood. His mother died when he was eight years old, and he was brought up by his sister. He was taught classics at Shrewsbury, then sent to Edinburgh to study medicine, which he hated, and a final attempt at educating...
Biology
Coliform bacteria
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Coliform bacteria are good indicator organisms for the presence of pathogenic bacteria due to their realtionship with these pathogenic bacteria, their relative ease of determination by simple methods, and by their occurrence in large quantities in human feces. The MPN method used in this experiment is one of the prescribed techniques for the determination of these coliform bacteria from the Standa...
Biology
Crab study
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Since its itroduction to the New Jersey shore in 1988, the western Pacific shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus has spread to inhabit rocky intertidal locations along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to North Carolina (McDermott 1998). Many reasons have been proposed to explain the rapid spread of this non-indiginous species. For example, it has been shown that H. sanguineus has longer spawning ...
Biology
Crocodiles 
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The crocodiles seem to know a herd of wildebeest has arrived before anyone else does. The most ferocious group of crocodiles is in line along the shore awaiting a chance to capture one of the wildebeest. After a series of weeks, the seasonal river shrinks into a series of pools. This makes it even harder for animals to get something to drink without getting attacked by a crocodile, some of which a...
Biology
Digestive system 
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On this page you will learn about the Digestive System, which break down foods in to smaller pieces, so they can be used as an energy source for the body. C O N T E N T S : Basic Information The digestive system contain organs for changing food chemically for absorption by body tissues. It is also responsible for processing food , breaking it down into usable protein, minerals, carbohydrates and f...
Biology
Dinosaurs extinction 
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The first question that must be posed when trying to crack the mystery of the mass extinction is to ask, throughout history were there any other occurences of this magnitude? The answer is a resounding yes. Altogether over time there has been about eight mass extinctions to large land dwelling vertebrates. The most recent was about ten thousand years ago, killing most of the giant mammals like mam...
Biology
Dinosaurs 
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Dinosaurs: How they became extinct Something happened 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, something so devastating that it altered the course of life on earth. It seems like it happened so sudden, as geologic time goes, that almost all the dinosaurs living on earth disappeared. So how did these dominant creatures just die off? Was it a slow extinction, or did it happen all o...
Biology
Dissection frogs central nervous system
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Dissection of an adult bullfrog's central nervous system (CNS) Experiment consists of the dissection and analyzation of a bullfrog’s nervous system. Dissection consists of the isolation of the CNS consisting of the brain and spinal cord. It also consists of analyzing the nervous tissue under the microscope. Materials needed: frog, scalpel, razor blade, dissecting tray, pins, forceps, scissors, mic...
Biology
Erwin chargaff
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Erwin Chargaff, born 1905 in Czernowiz, Austria, was a pioneer in biochemistry contributing to the understanding of DNA. He, in 1928, earned his doctoral degree in chemistry at the University of Vienna's Spath's Institute in 1928. Erwin began his career in biochemistry at Yale University, working under Rudolph J. Anderson from 1928 to 1930. His early work included stories of the complex lipids, th...
Biology
Evolution and creation 
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Ever since the publication of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species was published, there has been an ongoing debate between science and religion. Scientists have formulated many theories as to the origins of man and to the creation of the earth, whereas religious groups have one main creation theory, based on the "Genesis" story of The Bible. These theories, however, are not the cause o...
Biology
Evolution and religion 
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Charles Darwin’s introduction of evolution, created the battle between evolution and religion. Still, to this day, the influence of Darwinism has people asking themselves where they came from. God, a higher spirit, or the process of evolution, are the two main choices to pick from. For many years, God was the predominant answer, but after the ideas of Darwin, scientists have taken the task to trac...
Biology
Evolution of humans 
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Human evolution is the biological and cultural development of humans. A human is any member of the species Homo sapiens, meaning “wise man.” Since at least the Upper Paleolithic era, some 40,000 years ago, every human society has devised a creation myth to explain how humans came to be. Creation myths are based on cultural beliefs that have been adopted as a legitimate explanation by a society as ...
Biology
Evolution 
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The process by which all living things have developed from primitive life forms through changes occurring over billions of years is evolution. All living things arose through a long history of changes formed by physical and chemical processes that are still taking place. It is possible that all organisms can be traced back to the origin of life from inanimate matter. Paleontology is the most direc...
Biology
Evolution 
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Evolution, a process of change through time, is what links together the enormous diversity of the living world. A lot of evidence is present that indicates that the earth has had a very long history and that all living things arose in the course of that history from earlier, more simpler forms. In other words, all species have descended from other species and all living things share common ancesto...
Biology
Good nutrition by eating healthy foods
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For those who follow the rules of good nutrition by eating healthy foods, the rewards can be substantial. But it's also important that you clean and cook your food properly. Because if you don't, certain microorganisms that hitchhike into your stomach can make you feel miserable. E. coli is a bacteria that normally live in the intestines of humans and animals. Although, most strains of this b...
Biology
Hormones
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Hormones are organic substances that are secreted by plants and animals and that function in the regulation of physiological activities and in maintaining homeostasis. They carry out their functions by evoking responses from specific organs or tissues that are adapted to react to minute quantities of them. The classical view of hormones is that they are transmitted to their targets in the blo...
Biology
Humans and fauna in australia
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In 1830 Mr. Rankin tied a rope around a projection out of a rock face in order to lower himself into Wellington Cave (Horton, 1980). The projection turned out to be the bone of a giant extinct marsupial. It was to be the first discovery of a great range of giant marsupials. Were these animals extinct?? Horton (1980), describes how Leichhart believed that on his journeys to northern Australia he wo...
Biology
Living thing biology 
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Living things make up the world as we know it. Living things are involved in our life constantly, seeing that we are alive. There are five characteristics that are common to all living things. Living things are made up of one or more cells. Each cell is made up of living matter and is separated by a barrier that encloses the cell from its surroundings. However, there are many different kinds of ce...
Biology
Lizards evolution from snakes 
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Many millions of years the planet was dominated by lizards great and small. It was a place ruled by the laws of natural selection where the only way to survive was to be able to defend yourself with what you had. It was a constant struggle for food, shelter, and supremacy. It was about survival of the fittest, because only if you were best suited to your environment would you have a chance at livi...
Biology
Marine biology 
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A major source of coastal pollutants, human sewage fouls bays and beaches with both toxic and nontoxic pollutants. Although billions of dollars have been invested in sewage treatment plants to treat wastewater, new and growing coastal communities have increased the amount of discharge into oceans and estuaries. The United States Office of Technology Assessment has identified thirteen hundred major...
Biology
Membrane 
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The membrane has a double lipid layer through which fat- soluble substances will move, by passive transport or diffusion. The molecules will only move through if they are small enough. There are globular protein regions, which are hydrophilic. These regions allow water and water soluble substances through, but only if they are small enough, for example starch grains are too big. These substances m...
Biology
My cell is the animal cell
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My cell is the animal cell It really depends on which cell you are talking about - different cells do different things. Such as skin cells. They form a barrier on the outside of the body which protects the organs and tissues inside. It stops them getting damaged by bumps and knocks and also prevents bacteria and viruses from getting into your body. The cells structure, contains the Cell Membr...
Biology
Newts of california
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In southern California, adult California newts (Taricha torosa)have been found to frequently cannibalize both larvae and egg masses. In turn, for those adult newts that remain in the stream pools after breeding, conspecifics have become one of their main sources of prey in the chaparral stream pools of the Santa Monica Mountains. This study was undertaken to examine whether wildfire-induced sedime...
Biology
Origin of species 
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Considered one of the most significant, influential, and controversial publications in history, this book, I felt would be interesting to read and learn from. Although his content in this particular book is the subject of much controversy, Darwin's proffesional contributions and accomplishments will remain well known and respected. Therefore, I selected The Origin of Species believing that it woul...
Biology
Parasitic characteristics
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Imagine going to the doctor for a simple check up. Sure you've had some minor problems- indigestion, lack of energy, weight loss, and a bit of gas- but that's not out of the ordinary....or is it? In most cases you would be correct...but today is your unlucky day. The doctor has just informed you that you have a tapeworm parasite. PARASITIC CHARACTERISTICS By definition, a parasite is an organ...
Biology
Peter mitchell
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Peter Mitchell (1920 - 1992) : Chemiosmotic Hypothesis Peter Mitchell's 1961 paper introducing the chemiosmotic hypothesis started a revolution which has echoed beyond bioenergetics to all biology, and shaped our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of biological energy conservation, ion and metabolite transport, bacterial motility, organelle structure and biosynthesis, membrane struct...
Biology
Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis is the process by which chlorophyll - containing organisms - such as green plants, algae, and some bacteria - capture energy from light and convert it to chemical energy. For the process of photosynthesis to take place the organism must contain chloroplasts. Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color in plants and is also responsible for their ability to photosynthesize. Photosy...
Biology
Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis occurs in 3 main stages: energy is captured from sunlight, then it’s converted into chemical energy and stored in organic molecules. Photosystems are light harvesting units of the thylakoid membrane. Each photosystem has four hundred pigment molecules. A photon hits the pigment molecules and travels through each molecule and then reaches the reaction center as shown in figure 1-1. T...
Biology
Plants 
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Plants give us lots of things including oxygen, foods, and medicines. Plants need things like water, light, and air. The amount of daylight affects their growth. Plants also need food, just like we do. The different parts of a plant help it make food. Some plants cross-pollinate. These plants have male (the stamen), or female (the carpel) parts. Wind and water sometimes scatter the pollen, but ins...
Biology
Platypus 
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The platypus, apparently, is a surprisingly deep sleeper. What's more, it spends more of its time in so-called 'REM' sleep than any other mammal. These are the conclusions of a study on sleep in the platypus by Jerry M. Siegel of the Sepulveda Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, North Hills, California and colleagues. Their report appears in a special number of Philosophical Transactions of the Roya...
Biology
Porcupines 
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On this page you will find links to the best porcupine sites on the internet. If you know of a porcupine site that should be listed here, e-mail us the internet address and we'll post it. Porcupine Links Porcupines WNR Magazine - Porcupines Porcupines African Crested Porcupines Porcupines Porcupines; Order: rodent. A porcupine's habitat and range: forests, deserts, and grasslands of North and Sout...
Biology
Pre-darwinism views 
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November 24, 1859, many people simply believed that species were created by God in their present forms, or that it was possible for organic matter to be spawned from inorganic matter. However, Charles Darwin used these ideas to create his thesis, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. The first true theories on evolution arise during the classical Greek period. On a handful of Gre...
Biology
Salmon 
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What species would travel over 2000 miles just to have young and then die? It has been said that anyone who has not seen a wild salmon has not seen what a fish should be. Salmon was the common name applied to fish characterized by an elongated body covered with small, rounded scales and a fleshy fin between the dorsal fin and tail. In this paper I will be discussing history of studying salmon, the...
Biology
Sociobiology
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In the middle of this century, bot biological and cultural anthropology experiences a major change in theory. In biological anthropology, biological anthropologists adopted an approach which focused on the gene. They saw the human evolution as the process of genetic adaptation to the environment. In the mean time, there were also cultural analogies to evolution. Cultural evolution also followed a ...
Biology
Spatial data acquisition 
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Spatial data acquisition and system modeling: notes from the field and the lab. Name of Lecturer: Philip Graniero Department of Lecture: Earth Sciences Date and Time of Lecture: January 13th, 2000 at 4:30pm Purpose of Research Project: The primary purpose of the project is to use model simulations to forecast spatial patterns among various species in the environment. By comparing current situation...
Biology
Summary of evolution
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This short report will give you a short summary on evolution and how it my affect us, or even surroundings. Also, how it my affect our food chain and if one thing would die how the other would suffer because of that, for an example if you had snakes and birds and if snakes were to die birds population would drop. Why, because birds feed on snakes. Now a part of the food chain contains somethi...
Biology
The sea anemones
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The sea anemones that were collected for the “Clone Specific Segregation in the Sea Anemone Anthopleura elegantissima” experiment were collected by Lisbeth Francis in Pacific Grove, California (Biological Bulletin 1973, 144; 64-72). The topic of Francis’s report is the particularity of the constant anemone-free areas dividing contiguous accumulations of these anemones and the connection of th...
Biology
Transpiration lab 
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Water is essential to plants in many ways. It first provides the major substance for living, to keep cells from shriveling up and dying. The second major function is to keep the plants rigidity. As plant cells become turgid, full of water, the cells expand, filling the extent of their cell walls, which are kept taught with turgor pressure. If the cells lose water, two problems occur. First, the ce...
Biology
Vitro fertilization 
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Human in vitro fertilization is selection of embryos for the transfer to the uterus. The eggs are surgically removed from a woman's ovaries and placed in a carefully prepared broth called human tubal fluid. Six hours later, the husband's sperm cells are added. The evidence of fertilization was detected approximately 16 hours later. Later on, the scientists select four embryos that are actively div...
Biology
Wastewater treatment 
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The reason for me doing this report is because I could not attend class enough to grasp the concept of Wastewater Treatment. This report is an overview of each stage of the treatment of sewage. I have included a diagram of a typical sewage plant. A) Primary Treatment The wastewater that enters a treatment plant contains debris that might clog or damage the pumps and machinery. The material is remo...
Biology
Whooping chough 
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Whooping cough which is also known as Pertussis is caused by infection by the Bordetella Pertussis bacteria. It is a highly contagious bacterial disease that affects the respiratory system and produces spasms of coughing that usually end in a high-pitched whooping sound. In this report I will describe how Pertussis is spread, contracted, what treatments are available for it and the prognosis for ...