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Ants are social insects that live in colonies being some of the most successful
of insects. Ant colonies include one or more queens, workers, eggs, larvae and
pupae. The worker ants maintain their developed structures known as
"nests". Nests protect the ants against their enemies, some protection
against extremes of weather, and are often placed close to water and food
sources. Some ant ... Full-text essay
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There are more then 10,000 species of ants and they all share the same common
traits. The traits that they share are three body sections. The body sections
are the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head contains a relatively large brain.
It also had the eyes, antennae, and the mandibles (which are shaped differently
depending on the ant). The antennae are what an ant uses to smell, touch, taste,
and ... Full-text essay
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Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms in fresh, or salt water. A wide
variety of aquatic organisms are produced through aquaculture, including fish,
crustaceans, mollusks, algae, and aquatic plants. Unlike capture fisheries,
aquaculture requires deliberate human intervention in the organisms'
productivity and results in yields that exceed those from the natural
environment alone. Stockin... Full-text essay
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Bacteria are microscopic singular celled organisms grouped in the prokaryote
kingdom. They have a seemingly simple internal structure but that is not so the
internal structure of a bacterium is quite complicated . Bacterial growth is
generally studied in cell cultures by “visible count” estimation which shows
an apparent growth curve. (Stephenson 50) The growth curve shows the stages of
bacterial ... Full-text essay
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As our technology continues to advance, new breakthroughs in medicine are
discovered. With these new developments serious ethical and moral questions
arise. Advancements in genetic engineering, reproductive technologies, cloning,
organ transplanting, and human experimentation are all causes of concern. The
Human Genome Project, an incredible scientific undertaking determined to produce
a map of th... Full-text essay
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Unit 1 -man is high 50’s to 60% water -distribution in body divided into 3
compartments: 1) intracellular - 28 litres 2) intercellular/interstitial fluid -
11 litres - 80% 3) blood plasma - 3 litres - 20% -women contain less water than
men -organisms can contain 60-80% water -bacteria have lots of water -fat cells
have little -water’s properties result from its structure and molecular
interactions... Full-text essay
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Sometime during our lives, we've questioned ourselves at one point just how long
has the earth existed and how did life begin? Our Biology book written by:
Solomon, Berg, and Martin, shows theories that has taught us that earth is
approximately 4.6 billion years old, and the earliest pieces of life form found
was dated back to approximately 3.8 billion years old. This only leaves a time
space of 8... Full-text essay
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Many factors contribute to the diversity of life in an environment. The
availability of nutrients and sunlight, along with other factors that play a
pivotal role in determining what and how much life an area can sustain. While
studying the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it came to my attention that the
classical pyramid shape of the producer, C1, C2, C3, biomass pyramid did little
to take into acco... Full-text essay
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The biosphere is part of the earth in which life exists. It is 20 km thick from
the bottom of the ocean to the lower atmosphere. It consists of three layers:
the lithosphere, which is the land on the surface of the earth; the hydrosphere,
which comprises of the water on the earth as well as water vapor in the air; and
the atmosphere, which is made up of the air that surrounds the earth. The living... Full-text essay
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Every organism at one time or another has to learn to adapt to a new
environment. This is why evolution of organism is needed in order to survive
changes to its environment, such as the case of the flightless birds. For one
reason or another over a period of 100,000 years the need for wings was
unnecessary to their survival. There could be many reasons why the birds evolved
to be more adaptable to... Full-text essay
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In the past three decades very few endangered species have been restored to
viable populations. The black footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) was believed to
be the most endangered mammal in the united states. It is a small mink sized
carnivore of the Great plains and intermountain basins The ferrets appear to be
obligatory predators on the prairie dogs and once occupied a range essentially
identical... Full-text essay
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Many people believed that the bone is static and inert, but this idea is
incorrect, the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix are continually
being recycled and renewed through a process called remodeling. This process
goes under way throughout life, as part of normal bone maintenance. Bone
remodeling plays a key factor between the activities of osteocytes, osteoblasts,
and osteoclasts... Full-text essay
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Bovine Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine Tuberculosis) (or cattle
Tuberculosis) was first discovered by Columella (Louis Junius Moderatus
Columella) which was born in Cadiz, Spain and resided in Northern Italy when he
discovered the bovine Tuberculosis in the year 14 A D. In 1882 Robert Koch
discovered that the connection between human and animal Tuberculosis actually
were established. When... Full-text essay
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To study the effect of environmental changes in the permeability of living beet
root cells. Procedure A: The effect of pH on the cell membrane Materials &
Method 1. Cut a beet root into slices approximately 2mm thick. Use a cork bore
to cut out thirty-five (35) slices. 2. Place the discs in a 250 mL beaker and
rinse thoroughly in cool running tap water. The red pigment collected comes from
the... Full-text essay
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Nucleus Cell Wall Cell Membrane Ribosome Mitochondria Vacuoles Nucleolus
Endoplasmic Reticulm Lysosomes 5. Have the "cell membrane people" cut
the large piece of plastic wrap in half and place each piece on the table. 6.
Have the "cytoplasm people" form 2 balls using the plain play-doh or
clay. Lay 1 ball on each piece of plastic wrap and press each into a
"pancake" a... Full-text essay
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All living things are made of the same basic building blocks, cells. A human is
made of 65 trillion cells. Cells are everywhere, on you skin, in your blood, and
even on your tongue. In fact, your blood is clear but red blood cells are what
make your blood red. Most living things are made up of many cells but some are
made of only one cell, like amebas, paramecium, fungi, protists, monerans, and
ba... Full-text essay
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In this paper I will show my knowledge of many different topics of Cellular
Life. I will explain the theory of biogenesis, cell theory, the history of both
and how they tie in together. I will also state the scientific method and why it
is important to science. Abbi Spallonzani used Scientific method in his
biogenesis experiment. Scientific method are some rules or principles used in
research and ... Full-text essay
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Cellular respiration begins with glucose. Glucose is the primary fuel used in
glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration. This molecule is found in
the gel-like substance called cytoplasm that fills the cell. In glycolysis,
glucose undergoes phosphorylation by ATP. The ATP is converted back to ADP. The
glucose molecule is rearranged and undergoes a second phosphorylation by ATP.
The secon... Full-text essay
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Anatomy: Ceriodaphnia has six pairs of lobed legs which bear numerous hairs.
Their head is bent downwards and is set from the body by a cervical sinus. The
head also has two large secondary antennas that are positioned laterally near
the posterior margin. (Pennak, 1989) The Ceriodaphnia’s mouth is located near
the junction of the head and body. The Ceriodaphnia’s body is covered by a
carapace whic... Full-text essay
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Like many students, Charles Darwin was only interested in topics that was interesting
to him and although his father was a doctor, Darwin was very uninterested in
medicine and he also couldn't stand the sight of surgery. He did eventually get
a degree in Theology from Cambridge University, Although Theology was a minor interest
to him. What Darwin really liked to do was climb over hills, obser... Full-text essay
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Charles Darwin revolutionized biology when he introduced The
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. Although Wallace had
also came upon this revelation shortly before Origins was published, Darwin had
long been in development of this theory. Wallace amicably relinquished the idea
to Darwin, allowing him to become the first pioneer of evolution. Darwin was not
driven to publish h... Full-text essay
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Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He was the son of Robert Waring
Darwin and his wife Susannah; and the grandson of the scientist Erasmus Darwin,
and of the potter Josiah Wedgwood. His mother died when he was eight years old,
and he was brought up by his sister. He was taught classics at Shrewsbury, then
sent to Edinburgh to study medicine, which he hated, and a final attempt at
educating... Full-text essay
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Coliform bacteria are good indicator organisms for the presence of pathogenic
bacteria due to their realtionship with these pathogenic bacteria, their
relative ease of determination by simple methods, and by their occurrence in
large quantities in human feces. The MPN method used in this experiment is one
of the prescribed techniques for the determination of these coliform bacteria
from the Standa... Full-text essay
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Since its itroduction to the New Jersey shore in 1988, the western Pacific shore
crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus has spread to inhabit rocky intertidal locations
along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to North Carolina (McDermott 1998).
Many reasons have been proposed to explain the rapid spread of this non-indiginous
species. For example, it has been shown that H. sanguineus has longer spawning
... Full-text essay
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The crocodiles seem to know a herd of wildebeest has arrived before anyone else
does. The most ferocious group of crocodiles is in line along the shore awaiting
a chance to capture one of the wildebeest. After a series of weeks, the seasonal
river shrinks into a series of pools. This makes it even harder for animals to
get something to drink without getting attacked by a crocodile, some of which
a... Full-text essay
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On this page you will learn about the Digestive System, which break down foods
in to smaller pieces, so they can be used as an energy source for the body. C O
N T E N T S : Basic Information The digestive system contain organs for changing
food chemically for absorption by body tissues. It is also responsible for
processing food , breaking it down into usable protein, minerals, carbohydrates
and f... Full-text essay
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The first question that must be posed when trying to crack the mystery of the
mass extinction is to ask, throughout history were there any other occurences of
this magnitude? The answer is a resounding yes. Altogether over time there has
been about eight mass extinctions to large land dwelling vertebrates. The most
recent was about ten thousand years ago, killing most of the giant mammals like
mam... Full-text essay
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Dinosaurs: How they became extinct Something happened 65 million years ago, at
the end of the Cretaceous period, something so devastating that it altered the
course of life on earth. It seems like it happened so sudden, as geologic time
goes, that almost all the dinosaurs living on earth disappeared. So how did
these dominant creatures just die off? Was it a slow extinction, or did it
happen all o... Full-text essay
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Dissection of an adult bullfrog's central nervous system (CNS) Experiment
consists of the dissection and analyzation of a bullfrog’s nervous system.
Dissection consists of the isolation of the CNS consisting of the brain and
spinal cord. It also consists of analyzing the nervous tissue under the
microscope. Materials needed: frog, scalpel, razor blade, dissecting tray, pins,
forceps, scissors, mic... Full-text essay
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Erwin Chargaff, born 1905 in Czernowiz, Austria, was a pioneer in biochemistry
contributing to the understanding of DNA. He, in 1928, earned his doctoral
degree in chemistry at the University of Vienna's Spath's Institute in 1928.
Erwin began his career in biochemistry at Yale University, working under Rudolph
J. Anderson from 1928 to 1930. His early work included stories of the complex
lipids, th... Full-text essay
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Ever since the publication of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species was
published, there has been an ongoing debate between science and religion.
Scientists have formulated many theories as to the origins of man and to the
creation of the earth, whereas religious groups have one main creation theory,
based on the "Genesis" story of The Bible. These theories, however,
are not the cause o... Full-text essay
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Charles Darwin’s introduction of evolution, created the battle between
evolution and religion. Still, to this day, the influence of Darwinism has
people asking themselves where they came from. God, a higher spirit, or the
process of evolution, are the two main choices to pick from. For many years, God
was the predominant answer, but after the ideas of Darwin, scientists have taken
the task to trac... Full-text essay
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Human evolution is the biological and cultural development of humans. A human is
any member of the species Homo sapiens, meaning “wise man.” Since at least
the Upper Paleolithic era, some 40,000 years ago, every human society has
devised a creation myth to explain how humans came to be. Creation myths are
based on cultural beliefs that have been adopted as a legitimate explanation by
a society as ... Full-text essay
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The process by which all living things have developed from primitive life forms
through changes occurring over billions of years is evolution. All living things
arose through a long history of changes formed by physical and chemical
processes that are still taking place. It is possible that all organisms can be
traced back to the origin of life from inanimate matter. Paleontology is the
most direc... Full-text essay
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Evolution, a process of change through time, is what links together the enormous
diversity of the living world. A lot of evidence is present that indicates that
the earth has had a very long history and that all living things arose in the
course of that history from earlier, more simpler forms. In other words, all
species have descended from other species and all living things share common
ancesto... Full-text essay
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For those who follow the rules of good nutrition by eating healthy foods, the
rewards can be substantial. But it's also important that you clean and cook your
food properly. Because if you don't, certain microorganisms that hitchhike into
your stomach can make you feel miserable. E. coli is a bacteria that normally
live in the intestines of humans and animals. Although, most strains of this
b... Full-text essay
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Hormones are organic substances that are secreted by plants and animals and that
function in the regulation of physiological activities and in maintaining
homeostasis. They carry out their functions by evoking responses from specific
organs or tissues that are adapted to react to minute quantities of them. The
classical view of hormones is that they are transmitted to their targets in the
blo... Full-text essay
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In 1830 Mr. Rankin tied a rope around a projection out of a rock face in order
to lower himself into Wellington Cave (Horton, 1980). The projection turned out
to be the bone of a giant extinct marsupial. It was to be the first discovery of
a great range of giant marsupials. Were these animals extinct?? Horton (1980),
describes how Leichhart believed that on his journeys to northern Australia he
wo... Full-text essay
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Living things make up the world as we know it. Living things are involved in our
life constantly, seeing that we are alive. There are five characteristics that
are common to all living things. Living things are made up of one or more cells.
Each cell is made up of living matter and is separated by a barrier that
encloses the cell from its surroundings. However, there are many different kinds
of ce... Full-text essay
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Many millions of years the planet was dominated by lizards great and small. It
was a place ruled by the laws of natural selection where the only way to survive
was to be able to defend yourself with what you had. It was a constant struggle
for food, shelter, and supremacy. It was about survival of the fittest, because
only if you were best suited to your environment would you have a chance at
livi... Full-text essay
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A major source of coastal pollutants, human sewage fouls bays and beaches with
both toxic and nontoxic pollutants. Although billions of dollars have been
invested in sewage treatment plants to treat wastewater, new and growing coastal
communities have increased the amount of discharge into oceans and estuaries.
The United States Office of Technology Assessment has identified thirteen
hundred major... Full-text essay
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The membrane has a double lipid layer through which fat- soluble substances will
move, by passive transport or diffusion. The molecules will only move through if
they are small enough. There are globular protein regions, which are
hydrophilic. These regions allow water and water soluble substances through, but
only if they are small enough, for example starch grains are too big. These
substances m... Full-text essay
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My cell is the animal cell It really depends on which cell you are talking about
- different cells do different things. Such as skin cells. They form a barrier
on the outside of the body which protects the organs and tissues inside. It
stops them getting damaged by bumps and knocks and also prevents bacteria and
viruses from getting into your body. The cells structure, contains the Cell
Membr... Full-text essay
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In southern California, adult California newts (Taricha torosa)have been found
to frequently cannibalize both larvae and egg masses. In turn, for those adult
newts that remain in the stream pools after breeding, conspecifics have become
one of their main sources of prey in the chaparral stream pools of the Santa
Monica Mountains. This study was undertaken to examine whether wildfire-induced
sedime... Full-text essay
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Considered one of the most significant, influential, and controversial
publications in history, this book, I felt would be interesting to read and
learn from. Although his content in this particular book is the subject of much
controversy, Darwin's proffesional contributions and accomplishments will remain
well known and respected. Therefore, I selected The Origin of Species believing
that it woul... Full-text essay
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Imagine going to the doctor for a simple check up. Sure you've had some minor
problems- indigestion, lack of energy, weight loss, and a bit of gas- but that's
not out of the ordinary....or is it? In most cases you would be correct...but
today is your unlucky day. The doctor has just informed you that you have a
tapeworm parasite. PARASITIC CHARACTERISTICS By definition, a parasite is an
organ... Full-text essay
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Peter Mitchell (1920 - 1992) : Chemiosmotic Hypothesis Peter Mitchell's 1961
paper introducing the chemiosmotic hypothesis started a revolution which has
echoed beyond bioenergetics to all biology, and shaped our understanding of the
fundamental mechanisms of biological energy conservation, ion and metabolite
transport, bacterial motility, organelle structure and biosynthesis, membrane
struct... Full-text essay
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Photosynthesis is the process by which chlorophyll - containing organisms - such
as green plants, algae, and some bacteria - capture energy from light and
convert it to chemical energy. For the process of photosynthesis to take place
the organism must contain chloroplasts. Chlorophyll is responsible for the green
color in plants and is also responsible for their ability to photosynthesize.
Photosy... Full-text essay
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Photosynthesis occurs in 3 main stages: energy is captured from sunlight, then
it’s converted into chemical energy and stored in organic molecules.
Photosystems are light harvesting units of the thylakoid membrane. Each
photosystem has four hundred pigment molecules. A photon hits the pigment
molecules and travels through each molecule and then reaches the reaction center
as shown in figure 1-1. T... Full-text essay
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Plants give us lots of things including oxygen, foods, and medicines. Plants
need things like water, light, and air. The amount of daylight affects their
growth. Plants also need food, just like we do. The different parts of a plant
help it make food. Some plants cross-pollinate. These plants have male (the
stamen), or female (the carpel) parts. Wind and water sometimes scatter the
pollen, but ins... Full-text essay
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