Free Research Papers on Philosophy

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Absolutism And Relativism

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Absolutism and relativism are two extreme ethical approaches to reality. While they are both valid and supported by facts, they are very contrasting in their views. Values are what a person cares about and thinks is worthwhile. For example, values can include life, love, religious faith, freedom, relationships, health, justice, education, family and many other things. Usually these values are wha... Full-text essay
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Advertising

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Advertising promotes more than mere products in our popular culture. Because images used in advertising are often idealized, they eventually set the standard which we in turn feel we must live up to. Advertisements serve to show us what the ideal image is, and further tell us how to obtain it. Advertisers essentially have the power to promote positive images or negative images. Unfortunately, mos... Full-text essay
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Affirmative Action

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Herman Belz’s stance on the issue of affirmative action suggests that he is against selective employment. He discusses both sides of the issue, therefore making his argument fairer. He backs up his thoughts by talking with various professionals in the industry of affirmative action. He begins by talking about the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and how it pretty much preached indifference throughout the... Full-text essay
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Agreement Breaking

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When it comes to the issue of whether or not it is ok for someone the knowingly aid someone in breaking an agreement I feel it depends on the risks at stake for people not knowing what the person has to say. For example, if I had an agreement with a co-worker to not tell anyone that I had cancer I would be very angry if someone coerced that person into telling everyone. But on the other hand if I... Full-text essay
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Aikido

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Aikido is a Japanese martial art currently practiced throughout the world. Behind the powerful catapulting throws and immobilizing locks and pins of Aikido lie some very simple principles: remove yourself from the direct line of your enemy’s attack, and through the absorption and deflection of the force of the attack, your enemy is taken out of balance and defeated by the energy of his or her own... Full-text essay
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Allegory Of Cave And Myth Of Sisyphus

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The Allegory of the Cave,” written by Plato, is a parable entailing that humans are afraid of change and what they do not know. In this situation he gives, men are living in an underground cave. There is only one entrance and it is at the top. Near the entrance of the cave there is a fire burning which casts a shadow. The men living in the cave have been there their whole life. They are chained s... Full-text essay
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Allegory Of The Cave

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The Allegory of the Cave, like most things in philosophy, can be deciphered in many different ways. It basically says that people are chained to the wall of a cave and they have nothing to look at but shadows on the wall that are provided by another. This is all that they know and have never been out of the cave. That tells nothing on the surface, but once one looks really hard a few messages or ... Full-text essay
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Anarchist Utopia

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The world is in turmoil. Wars are fought solely for economic gain, children are shooting their fellow classmates, people are starving, and people are dying. But why is this happening? Why do these things have to happen? Well, they don’t have to happen. This is all a result of corrupt governments caring for nothing but money. These governments are sending their own citizens to war, and they do not... Full-text essay
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Anaximander

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About 530 AD the Neoplatonist Simplicius wrote an extensive commentary on Aristotle's Physics. In it he reproduced the Anaximander fragment, thus preserving it for the western world. He copied it from Theophrastus. From the time Anaximander pronounced his saying--we do not know where or when or to whom--to the moment Simplicius jotted it down in his commentary more than a millennium elapsed. Betw... Full-text essay
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Anaximander

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With his discoveries, Anaxamander of Miletus attempted to bring the realm of the unreal to the world where common man could conceive it. As successor and pupil of Thales of Miletus, Anaxamander worked on the fields of geometry, natural science, and astrology. The culmination of his life attempted to define the indefinite or undetermined. He was the first to discover and apply the theory of the un... Full-text essay
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Animal Testing

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Medicines, household products, food, and basically everything involved in the life of an average person has to under go a form of testing before it is legal to be placed on a shelf and if available to the public. The same tests are performed on every medical procedure that is introduced to surgeons. Since the only way to directly mimic the human body is to use it itself, scientists were forced to... Full-text essay
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Animal Testing

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Considering the furor raised about using animals for testing, are there alternatives to using such testing? What are the main tests that use animals and alternatives that would achieve similar results? There is a lot of controversy about using animals to test cosmetics. Animal rights organizations feel that it is unnecessary and uncalled for. The Food and Drug Administration have no law that cosm... Full-text essay
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Animals And Humans

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1. There is an enormous different between the life of humans and other animals. First of all, humans are clearly at the top of significance for the simple reason that they are at the top of food chain. This is what allows people to dictate society. Combine this with the fact that humans have the ability to reason, and it is clear that people have more of a significance. It is as simple as this, n... Full-text essay
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Anselm And Aquinas

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Although born in Alpine Italy and educated in Normandy, Anselm became a Benedictine monk, teacher, and abbot at Bec and continued his ecclesiastical career in England. Having been appointed the second Norman archbishop of Canterbury in 1093, Anselm secured the Westminster Agreement of 1107, guaranteeing the (partial) independence of the church from the civil state. In a series of short works such... Full-text essay
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Anselm Of Canterbury

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Anselm concludes that one requires two wills to be free by arguing that to be free is to have an ability. In this paper I will argue that Anselm believes that this ability is incompatible with an Aristotelian doctrine of the will and that to have this ability, we must have at least two wills. Only in such a model is one free. Then I will argue that the agent who abandons justice differs from the ... Full-text essay
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Anselm On God

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In the beginning of Scholasticism, one of the biggest problems is the place of dialectic, because it was often inconsistent with theology. Anselm made a moderate point between dialectic, philosophy and theology; “We believe in order to understand rather than understand so that we may believe”. From that point of view, He proved the existence of the God. In the “Proslogium”, Anselm began his diale... Full-text essay
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Antigone`s Ethics

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Some individuals in literature try to do what they believe is right, even though they face oppositions. In the play "Antigone", by Sophocles, and "A Few Good Men", by Rob Reiner, Both Colonel Jessep and King Creon are two such inividuals. In both of these plays, they are both successful in doing what they believe is right, but they both face oppositions. In the play "Anti... Full-text essay
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Aristophane`s Love Theory

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The love as discussed by the characters in the Symposium is homosexual love. Some assumed that homosexuality alone is capable of satisfying “a man’s highest and noblest aspirations”. Whereas heterosexual love is placed at an inferior level, being described as only existing for carnal reasons; its ultimate purpose being procreation. There are differing views in these dialogues, Aristophanes contra... Full-text essay
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Aristotelian Nicomachean Ethics

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Achieving excellence in terms of Aristotle's "Nichomachean Ethics" Before actually focusing on the main details of Aristotle's Argument, we must pay careful attention to the opening remarks he makes in Book I about the nature of his inquiry. The first important point that he stresses is that the study of the character of human beings is dependent on what a human being is. Aristotle stat... Full-text essay
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Aristotelian Philosophy

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Aristotle argues that happiness, function and morality are closely connected and that virtue is dependent upon all of them. To fully comprehend Aristotle’s theory, we must first examine each of these qualities and then determine how they are related to one another. The deliberation process will show that all of these qualities can be strongly connected, but not exclusively. Happiness, function, m... Full-text essay
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Aristotle

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Aristotle was born in 384 BC and lived until 322 BC. He was a Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato being considered the most famous of ancient philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. When he was 17, he went to Athens to study at Plato's Academy. He stayed for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher. When Plato die... Full-text essay
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Aristotle

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An ethical issue that is debated in our society is the concern of driving while intoxicated. Although this was naturally not the case during Aristotle’s time, many of his ethical beliefs can be applied to refute this dilemma. I will prove the standing issue to be unethical through Aristotle’s discussion of virtue and his concept of voluntary/involuntary actions in the Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotl... Full-text essay
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Aristotle

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Aristotle was one of the most influential thinkers in western culture, and a Greek philosopher, teacher, and scientist. He was probably the most scholarly and learned of the ancient Greek Philosophers. Aristotle mastered the entire development of Greek though before him and employed this knowledge in his writings. He criticized, summarized, and furthered the development of the Greek philosophies.... Full-text essay
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Aristotle

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Aristotle was born in 384 BC.; with him came the birth of Western realism. He was a student of Plato and a tutor to Alexander the Great (Founders, 1991). It is difficult to discuss the philosophies of Aristotle without bringing up those of his former tutor, Plato. Aristotle's philosophies diverted from Plato's, and led to Aristotle forming his own school, the Lyceum. After tutoring Alexander the ... Full-text essay
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Aristotle

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Aristotle was born in 384 BC and lived until 322 BC. He was a Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato being considered the most famous of ancient philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. When he was 17, he went to Athens to study at Plato's Academy. He stayed for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher. When Plato die... Full-text essay
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Aristotle On Animal Experimentation

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Aristotle would indeed not approve of experiments performed on animals. He seems to put much emphasis throughout his writings on the similarity of the animal and humans. He also puts much emphasis on the fact that animals and plants are very different. The only thing animals lack, according to Aristotle, that differentiate them from humans is a mind. He says that nutrition is shared by all natura... Full-text essay
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Aristotle On Ethics

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1) Explain fully Aristotle’s approach to Ethics. What is the goal of the ethical life? What type of soul is capable of realizing the good life? How do we go about accomplishing this goal? What are the possible lifestyle choices we may lead? Are any of these conducive to leading the good life? The goal of the ethical life, according to Aristotle, is good. All human activity is directed toward this... Full-text essay
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Aristotle On Theory Of Ideas

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Aristotle refutes Plato's Theory of Ideas on three basic grounds: that the existence of Ideas contradicts itself by denying the possibility of negations; that his illustrations of Ideas are merely empty metaphors; and that they theory uses impermanent abstractions to create examples of perception. Though the theory is meant to establish concrete standards for the knowledge of reality, Aristotle c... Full-text essay
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Aristotle Refutes Plato

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Aristotle refutes Plato's Theory of Ideas on three basic grounds: that the existence of Ideas contradicts itself by denying the possibility of negations; that his illustrations of Ideas are merely empty metaphors; and that they theory uses impermanent abstractions to create examples of perception. Though the theory is meant to establish concrete standards for the knowledge of reality, Aristotle c... Full-text essay
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Aristotle`s Tragedy

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Defining a Tragedy Greek philosopher Aristotle proposes components of an ideal tragedy in his work, Tragedy and the Emotions of Pity and Fear. According to Aristotle, there are six components of a great tragedy: plot, character, thought, verbal expression, song, and visual adornment. He dissects these components in great detail and provides standards for all of them. In his play Bacchae, Euripide... Full-text essay
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Aristotle`s Virtue Theory

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According to Aristotle, virtue primarily involves rationality and the use of a person's rationality. Rationality and happiness are activities of the soul, and virtue is the excellence of these activities. Humans are the only life forms that have a soul, the source of rationality. Thus, humans have a duty to always use their intellect. Three things are found in the soul: emotions, capacities, and ... Full-text essay
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Asian Superiority Myth

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Ronald Takaki vocalizes in his article that “The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority”is not to assume that all Asian Americans are indeed successful, so it’s incorrect to generalize any particular race as superior over another. I believe this is true in the US today Asians in public schools are made to be great students. This mentality fails when we realize that not all students are the same. Takak... Full-text essay
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Assisted Suicide

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Assisted suicide (or Euthanasia) is a topic undergoing serious debate. There exist two obvious and definite opinions regarding this controversy. The anti-euthanasia faction consist of:  Conservative religious groups. They are often the same organizations that oppose access to abortion.  Medical associations whose members are dedicated to saving and extending life, and feel uncomfo... Full-text essay
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Big Bang Theory

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1. The most obvious unscientific theory that I can think of today, would be religion. Religion is possibly one of the biggest influences in our lives, and there is no scientific way to even prove that it exists. I asked a few friends of mine, who are religious, why they believe in a God. The first that I asked hemmed and hawed and when I finally had to threaten him to spit out an answer, he said,... Full-text essay
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Boarding House

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Mrs. Mooney's Deceitful Act The Boarding House, written by James Joyce, takes place in a small neighborhood located in Dublin, Ireland during the early 1900's. There were three main characters involved in this story-Mrs. Mooney known as The Madam, who was in charge of the boarding house, Polly who is the daughter of Mrs. Mooney, and Mr. Doran who was a resident of the house. James Joyce's, "... Full-text essay
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Buddhist Cosmology

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Throughout history there have been many attempts to explain the origin and workings of our universe. Most every culture has their own cosmogony. Nearly every individual has his or her own idea of what our universe is. During our modern era of advanced scientific knowledge, we feel that we have a good grasp on how the universe works. We have our Chemistry and Physics, along with Mathematics, to ex... Full-text essay
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Buddhist Wisdom

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Throughout history people have wondered about the universe in which we live in and looked for a purpose of our existence. Many Western philosophers believed that an individual is a separate entity from every other individual and nature. In the Buddhist belief however, there is no separation between you and any other person or animal. The goal of living and dying is to eventually see the world as ... Full-text essay
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Capital Punishment And Minors

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The death penalty is utilized as an optimistic view to alleviate much of what is morally, and criminally wrong with our society. Yet in reality, capital punishment does nothing to improve America’s justice system by allegedly acting as a deterrent to the criminals. Nevertheless, Americans continue to execute adults and children on dubious principles. The execution of children is particularly outr... Full-text essay
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Capitol Punishment

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Capital Punishment deters murder, and is just Retribution Capital punishment, is the execution of criminals by the state, for committing crimes, regarded so heinous, that this is the only acceptable punishment. Capital punishment does not only lower the murder rate, but it's value as retribution alone is a good reason for handing out death sentences. Support for the death penalty in the U.S. has ... Full-text essay
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Categorical Imperative

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The principle of private happiness states that an individual’s prosperity is weighed in proportion to that person’s good conduct. In short, one’s peace of mind is empirically measured by how virtuous one is towards others and to himself. Kant’s objection to ethical theories that use this idea emanates from the fact that it extends human reason, one that determines good will and good conduct, outw... Full-text essay
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Central-State Materialism

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In my readings of the two chapters from the book, Body and Mind, written by Keith Campbell, I explored my mind to Central-State Materialism and Functionalism. Both these states have differences and similarities between them. Starting off with Central-State Materialism; then, I reflected my readings, and then viewed Functionalism and stated my readings. The main point of this paper is to give a fe... Full-text essay
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Cesare Beccaria

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Cesare Beccaria is one of the most famous criminal justice theorists of all time. He lived from 1738 to 1794. He was the eldest son of an Aristocratic Family and was educated in a Jesuit school. His fascination with philosophy lead to him a bunch of friends who soon formed a group called “the academy of fists.” This group focused their attention on reforming the criminal justice system. This grou... Full-text essay
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Chivalrous Code

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Chivalry began in the 12th century in the form of a knightly code of conduct, with special emphasis on courtly manners toward women. Thirteenth century stories that showed the ways a warrior should behave in romance became popular . Churchmen liked the idea of high standards and made the knighting ceremony a religious occasion with a church vigil and purifying bath. Books on the subject soon bega... Full-text essay
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Chivalry

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Chivalry is usually known as a moral system or an honor code. It originated in the 12th century when kings ruled the country, as a code to make peace. Now there is no king or queen monarchy, now there’s that wonderful thing that we call the Government. If you were to ask me if chivalry existed today I’d have to say that there are some examples, but there sure aren’t as many as there used to be. B... Full-text essay
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Civil Disobedience By Thoreau

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Philosophers, historians, authors, and politicians have spent centuries pondering the relationship between citizens and their government. It is a question that has as many considerations as there are forms of government and it is rarely answered satisfactorily. A relatively modern theorist, author Henry Thoreau, introduced an idea of man as an individual, rather than a subject, by thoroughly desc... Full-text essay
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Civil Rights And Disobedience

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By acting civil but disobedient you are able to protest things you don’t think are fair, non-violently. Henry David Thoreau is one of the most important literary figures of the nineteenth century. Thoreau’s essay “Civil Disobedience,” which was written as a speech, has been used by many great thinkers such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Ghandi as a map to fight against injustice. Dr. Marti... Full-text essay
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Cloning

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Shortly after the announcement that British scientists had successfully cloned a sheep, Dolly, cloning humans has recently become a possibility that seems much more feasible in today's society. The word clone has been applied to cells as well as to organisms, so that a group of cells stemming from a single cell is also called a clone. Usually the members of a clone are identical in their inherite... Full-text essay
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Cloning Aspects

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The legal aspects of Human Cloning are quite simple and straight forward, and I will outline them for you in the next few minutes and explain to you what they mean. It is quite evident though, that you will not be able to understand these laws if you don’t know what human cloning technically means! So let me begin by defining for you what our government defines as “human cloning”. Human cloning, ... Full-text essay
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Cloning Banning

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Banning on human and organ cloning is posing a problem on those educated ones in academia. Researcher and scientist Dr. Ian Wilmut has successfully cloned a sheep, and has gathered from this experiment evidence that strongly proves that human and organ cloning could be performed – safely and effectively. Unfortunately, our government has almost immediately banned such cloning in this country. Did... Full-text essay
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Cloning Ethics

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The rapid development of the technology for cloning has led to moral debates around the world on whether or not to ban creating human clones. With the advancement of clone technology two states, California and Michigan have already banned the cloning of humans. "Everybody who thought it would proceed slowly and could be stopped was wrong, said Lee Silver, a professor from the University of P... Full-text essay
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