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Philosophy
Absolutism and relativism
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Absolutism and relativism are two extreme ethical approaches to reality. While they are both valid and supported by facts, they are very contrasting in their views. Values are what a person cares about and thinks is worthwhile. For example, values can include life, love, religious faith, freedom, relationships, health, justice, education, family and many other things. Usually these values are wha...
Philosophy
Advertising
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Advertising promotes more than mere products in our popular culture. Because images used in advertising are often idealized, they eventually set the standard which we in turn feel we must live up to. Advertisements serve to show us what the ideal image is, and further tell us how to obtain it. Advertisers essentially have the power to promote positive images or negative images. Unfortunately, mos...
Philosophy
Affirmative action
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Herman Belz’s stance on the issue of affirmative action suggests that he is against selective employment. He discusses both sides of the issue, therefore making his argument fairer. He backs up his thoughts by talking with various professionals in the industry of affirmative action. He begins by talking about the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and how it pretty much preached indifference throughout the...
Philosophy
Agreement breaking
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When it comes to the issue of whether or not it is ok for someone the knowingly aid someone in breaking an agreement I feel it depends on the risks at stake for people not knowing what the person has to say. For example, if I had an agreement with a co-worker to not tell anyone that I had cancer I would be very angry if someone coerced that person into telling everyone. But on the other hand if I...
Philosophy
Aikido
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Aikido is a Japanese martial art currently practiced throughout the world. Behind the powerful catapulting throws and immobilizing locks and pins of Aikido lie some very simple principles: remove yourself from the direct line of your enemy’s attack, and through the absorption and deflection of the force of the attack, your enemy is taken out of balance and defeated by the energy of his or her own...
Philosophy
The Allegory of the Cave,” written by Plato, is a parable entailing that humans are afraid of change and what they do not know. In this situation he gives, men are living in an underground cave. There is only one entrance and it is at the top. Near the entrance of the cave there is a fire burning which casts a shadow. The men living in the cave have been there their whole life. They are chained s...
Philosophy
Allegory of the cave
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The Allegory of the Cave, like most things in philosophy, can be deciphered in many different ways. It basically says that people are chained to the wall of a cave and they have nothing to look at but shadows on the wall that are provided by another. This is all that they know and have never been out of the cave. That tells nothing on the surface, but once one looks really hard a few messages or ...
Philosophy
Anarchist utopia
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The world is in turmoil. Wars are fought solely for economic gain, children are shooting their fellow classmates, people are starving, and people are dying. But why is this happening? Why do these things have to happen? Well, they don’t have to happen. This is all a result of corrupt governments caring for nothing but money. These governments are sending their own citizens to war, and they do not...
Philosophy
Anaximander
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About 530 AD the Neoplatonist Simplicius wrote an extensive commentary on Aristotle's Physics. In it he reproduced the Anaximander fragment, thus preserving it for the western world. He copied it from Theophrastus. From the time Anaximander pronounced his saying--we do not know where or when or to whom--to the moment Simplicius jotted it down in his commentary more than a millennium elapsed. Betw...
Philosophy
Anaximander
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With his discoveries, Anaxamander of Miletus attempted to bring the realm of the unreal to the world where common man could conceive it. As successor and pupil of Thales of Miletus, Anaxamander worked on the fields of geometry, natural science, and astrology. The culmination of his life attempted to define the indefinite or undetermined. He was the first to discover and apply the theory of the un...
Philosophy
Animal testing
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Medicines, household products, food, and basically everything involved in the life of an average person has to under go a form of testing before it is legal to be placed on a shelf and if available to the public. The same tests are performed on every medical procedure that is introduced to surgeons. Since the only way to directly mimic the human body is to use it itself, scientists were forced to...
Philosophy
Animal testing
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Considering the furor raised about using animals for testing, are there alternatives to using such testing? What are the main tests that use animals and alternatives that would achieve similar results? There is a lot of controversy about using animals to test cosmetics. Animal rights organizations feel that it is unnecessary and uncalled for. The Food and Drug Administration have no law that cosm...
Philosophy
Animals and humans
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1. There is an enormous different between the life of humans and other animals. First of all, humans are clearly at the top of significance for the simple reason that they are at the top of food chain. This is what allows people to dictate society. Combine this with the fact that humans have the ability to reason, and it is clear that people have more of a significance. It is as simple as this, n...
Philosophy
Anselm and aquinas
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Although born in Alpine Italy and educated in Normandy, Anselm became a Benedictine monk, teacher, and abbot at Bec and continued his ecclesiastical career in England. Having been appointed the second Norman archbishop of Canterbury in 1093, Anselm secured the Westminster Agreement of 1107, guaranteeing the (partial) independence of the church from the civil state. In a series of short works such...
Philosophy
Anselm of canterbury
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Anselm concludes that one requires two wills to be free by arguing that to be free is to have an ability. In this paper I will argue that Anselm believes that this ability is incompatible with an Aristotelian doctrine of the will and that to have this ability, we must have at least two wills. Only in such a model is one free. Then I will argue that the agent who abandons justice differs from the ...
Philosophy
Anselm on god
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In the beginning of Scholasticism, one of the biggest problems is the place of dialectic, because it was often inconsistent with theology. Anselm made a moderate point between dialectic, philosophy and theology; “We believe in order to understand rather than understand so that we may believe”. From that point of view, He proved the existence of the God. In the “Proslogium”, Anselm began his diale...
Philosophy
Antigone`s ethics
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Some individuals in literature try to do what they believe is right, even though they face oppositions. In the play "Antigone", by Sophocles, and "A Few Good Men", by Rob Reiner, Both Colonel Jessep and King Creon are two such inividuals. In both of these plays, they are both successful in doing what they believe is right, but they both face oppositions. In the play "Anti...
Philosophy
Aristophane`s love theory
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The love as discussed by the characters in the Symposium is homosexual love. Some assumed that homosexuality alone is capable of satisfying “a man’s highest and noblest aspirations”. Whereas heterosexual love is placed at an inferior level, being described as only existing for carnal reasons; its ultimate purpose being procreation. There are differing views in these dialogues, Aristophanes contra...
Philosophy
Aristotelian nicomachean ethics
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Achieving excellence in terms of Aristotle's "Nichomachean Ethics" Before actually focusing on the main details of Aristotle's Argument, we must pay careful attention to the opening remarks he makes in Book I about the nature of his inquiry. The first important point that he stresses is that the study of the character of human beings is dependent on what a human being is. Aristotle stat...
Philosophy
Aristotelian philosophy
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Aristotle argues that happiness, function and morality are closely connected and that virtue is dependent upon all of them. To fully comprehend Aristotle’s theory, we must first examine each of these qualities and then determine how they are related to one another. The deliberation process will show that all of these qualities can be strongly connected, but not exclusively. Happiness, function, m...
Philosophy
Aristotle
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Aristotle was born in 384 BC and lived until 322 BC. He was a Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato being considered the most famous of ancient philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. When he was 17, he went to Athens to study at Plato's Academy. He stayed for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher. When Plato die...
Philosophy
Aristotle
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An ethical issue that is debated in our society is the concern of driving while intoxicated. Although this was naturally not the case during Aristotle’s time, many of his ethical beliefs can be applied to refute this dilemma. I will prove the standing issue to be unethical through Aristotle’s discussion of virtue and his concept of voluntary/involuntary actions in the Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotl...
Philosophy
Aristotle
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Aristotle was one of the most influential thinkers in western culture, and a Greek philosopher, teacher, and scientist. He was probably the most scholarly and learned of the ancient Greek Philosophers. Aristotle mastered the entire development of Greek though before him and employed this knowledge in his writings. He criticized, summarized, and furthered the development of the Greek philosophies....
Philosophy
Aristotle
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Aristotle was born in 384 BC.; with him came the birth of Western realism. He was a student of Plato and a tutor to Alexander the Great (Founders, 1991). It is difficult to discuss the philosophies of Aristotle without bringing up those of his former tutor, Plato. Aristotle's philosophies diverted from Plato's, and led to Aristotle forming his own school, the Lyceum. After tutoring Alexander the ...
Philosophy
Aristotle
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Aristotle was born in 384 BC and lived until 322 BC. He was a Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato being considered the most famous of ancient philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. When he was 17, he went to Athens to study at Plato's Academy. He stayed for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher. When Plato die...
Philosophy
Aristotle on animal experimentation
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Aristotle would indeed not approve of experiments performed on animals. He seems to put much emphasis throughout his writings on the similarity of the animal and humans. He also puts much emphasis on the fact that animals and plants are very different. The only thing animals lack, according to Aristotle, that differentiate them from humans is a mind. He says that nutrition is shared by all natura...
Philosophy
Aristotle on ethics
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1) Explain fully Aristotle’s approach to Ethics. What is the goal of the ethical life? What type of soul is capable of realizing the good life? How do we go about accomplishing this goal? What are the possible lifestyle choices we may lead? Are any of these conducive to leading the good life? The goal of the ethical life, according to Aristotle, is good. All human activity is directed toward this...
Philosophy
Aristotle on theory of ideas
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Aristotle refutes Plato's Theory of Ideas on three basic grounds: that the existence of Ideas contradicts itself by denying the possibility of negations; that his illustrations of Ideas are merely empty metaphors; and that they theory uses impermanent abstractions to create examples of perception. Though the theory is meant to establish concrete standards for the knowledge of reality, Aristotle c...
Philosophy
Aristotle refutes plato
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Aristotle refutes Plato's Theory of Ideas on three basic grounds: that the existence of Ideas contradicts itself by denying the possibility of negations; that his illustrations of Ideas are merely empty metaphors; and that they theory uses impermanent abstractions to create examples of perception. Though the theory is meant to establish concrete standards for the knowledge of reality, Aristotle c...
Philosophy
Aristotle`s tragedy
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Defining a Tragedy Greek philosopher Aristotle proposes components of an ideal tragedy in his work, Tragedy and the Emotions of Pity and Fear. According to Aristotle, there are six components of a great tragedy: plot, character, thought, verbal expression, song, and visual adornment. He dissects these components in great detail and provides standards for all of them. In his play Bacchae, Euripide...
Philosophy
Aristotle`s virtue theory
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According to Aristotle, virtue primarily involves rationality and the use of a person's rationality. Rationality and happiness are activities of the soul, and virtue is the excellence of these activities. Humans are the only life forms that have a soul, the source of rationality. Thus, humans have a duty to always use their intellect. Three things are found in the soul: emotions, capacities, and ...
Philosophy
Asian superiority myth
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Ronald Takaki vocalizes in his article that “The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority”is not to assume that all Asian Americans are indeed successful, so it’s incorrect to generalize any particular race as superior over another. I believe this is true in the US today Asians in public schools are made to be great students. This mentality fails when we realize that not all students are the same. Takak...
Philosophy
Assisted suicide
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Assisted suicide (or Euthanasia) is a topic undergoing serious debate. There exist two obvious and definite opinions regarding this controversy. The anti-euthanasia faction consist of:  Conservative religious groups. They are often the same organizations that oppose access to abortion.  Medical associations whose members are dedicated to saving and extending life, and feel uncomfo...
Philosophy
Big bang theory
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1. The most obvious unscientific theory that I can think of today, would be religion. Religion is possibly one of the biggest influences in our lives, and there is no scientific way to even prove that it exists. I asked a few friends of mine, who are religious, why they believe in a God. The first that I asked hemmed and hawed and when I finally had to threaten him to spit out an answer, he said,...
Philosophy
Boarding house
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Mrs. Mooney's Deceitful Act The Boarding House, written by James Joyce, takes place in a small neighborhood located in Dublin, Ireland during the early 1900's. There were three main characters involved in this story-Mrs. Mooney known as The Madam, who was in charge of the boarding house, Polly who is the daughter of Mrs. Mooney, and Mr. Doran who was a resident of the house. James Joyce's, "...
Philosophy
Buddhist cosmology
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Throughout history there have been many attempts to explain the origin and workings of our universe. Most every culture has their own cosmogony. Nearly every individual has his or her own idea of what our universe is. During our modern era of advanced scientific knowledge, we feel that we have a good grasp on how the universe works. We have our Chemistry and Physics, along with Mathematics, to ex...
Philosophy
Buddhist wisdom
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Throughout history people have wondered about the universe in which we live in and looked for a purpose of our existence. Many Western philosophers believed that an individual is a separate entity from every other individual and nature. In the Buddhist belief however, there is no separation between you and any other person or animal. The goal of living and dying is to eventually see the world as ...
Philosophy
Capital punishment and minors
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The death penalty is utilized as an optimistic view to alleviate much of what is morally, and criminally wrong with our society. Yet in reality, capital punishment does nothing to improve America’s justice system by allegedly acting as a deterrent to the criminals. Nevertheless, Americans continue to execute adults and children on dubious principles. The execution of children is particularly outr...
Philosophy
Capitol punishment
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Capital Punishment deters murder, and is just Retribution Capital punishment, is the execution of criminals by the state, for committing crimes, regarded so heinous, that this is the only acceptable punishment. Capital punishment does not only lower the murder rate, but it's value as retribution alone is a good reason for handing out death sentences. Support for the death penalty in the U.S. has ...
Philosophy
Categorical imperative
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The principle of private happiness states that an individual’s prosperity is weighed in proportion to that person’s good conduct. In short, one’s peace of mind is empirically measured by how virtuous one is towards others and to himself. Kant’s objection to ethical theories that use this idea emanates from the fact that it extends human reason, one that determines good will and good conduct, outw...
Philosophy
Central-state materialism
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In my readings of the two chapters from the book, Body and Mind, written by Keith Campbell, I explored my mind to Central-State Materialism and Functionalism. Both these states have differences and similarities between them. Starting off with Central-State Materialism; then, I reflected my readings, and then viewed Functionalism and stated my readings. The main point of this paper is to give a fe...
Philosophy
Cesare beccaria
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Cesare Beccaria is one of the most famous criminal justice theorists of all time. He lived from 1738 to 1794. He was the eldest son of an Aristocratic Family and was educated in a Jesuit school. His fascination with philosophy lead to him a bunch of friends who soon formed a group called “the academy of fists.” This group focused their attention on reforming the criminal justice system. This grou...
Philosophy
Chivalrous code
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Chivalry began in the 12th century in the form of a knightly code of conduct, with special emphasis on courtly manners toward women. Thirteenth century stories that showed the ways a warrior should behave in romance became popular . Churchmen liked the idea of high standards and made the knighting ceremony a religious occasion with a church vigil and purifying bath. Books on the subject soon bega...
Philosophy
Chivalry
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Chivalry is usually known as a moral system or an honor code. It originated in the 12th century when kings ruled the country, as a code to make peace. Now there is no king or queen monarchy, now there’s that wonderful thing that we call the Government. If you were to ask me if chivalry existed today I’d have to say that there are some examples, but there sure aren’t as many as there used to be. B...
Philosophy
Civil disobedience by thoreau
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Philosophers, historians, authors, and politicians have spent centuries pondering the relationship between citizens and their government. It is a question that has as many considerations as there are forms of government and it is rarely answered satisfactorily. A relatively modern theorist, author Henry Thoreau, introduced an idea of man as an individual, rather than a subject, by thoroughly desc...
Philosophy
Civil rights and disobedience
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By acting civil but disobedient you are able to protest things you don’t think are fair, non-violently. Henry David Thoreau is one of the most important literary figures of the nineteenth century. Thoreau’s essay “Civil Disobedience,” which was written as a speech, has been used by many great thinkers such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Ghandi as a map to fight against injustice. Dr. Marti...
Philosophy
Cloning
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Shortly after the announcement that British scientists had successfully cloned a sheep, Dolly, cloning humans has recently become a possibility that seems much more feasible in today's society. The word clone has been applied to cells as well as to organisms, so that a group of cells stemming from a single cell is also called a clone. Usually the members of a clone are identical in their inherite...
Philosophy
Cloning aspects
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The legal aspects of Human Cloning are quite simple and straight forward, and I will outline them for you in the next few minutes and explain to you what they mean. It is quite evident though, that you will not be able to understand these laws if you don’t know what human cloning technically means! So let me begin by defining for you what our government defines as “human cloning”. Human cloning, ...
Philosophy
Cloning banning
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Banning on human and organ cloning is posing a problem on those educated ones in academia. Researcher and scientist Dr. Ian Wilmut has successfully cloned a sheep, and has gathered from this experiment evidence that strongly proves that human and organ cloning could be performed – safely and effectively. Unfortunately, our government has almost immediately banned such cloning in this country. Did...
Philosophy
Cloning ethics
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The rapid development of the technology for cloning has led to moral debates around the world on whether or not to ban creating human clones. With the advancement of clone technology two states, California and Michigan have already banned the cloning of humans. "Everybody who thought it would proceed slowly and could be stopped was wrong, said Lee Silver, a professor from the University of P...
Philosophy
Cloning humans
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“And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrilsthe breath of life; and man became a livingsoul . . . and He took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; and the rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made He a woman and brought her unto man.” -Genesis 2:7 21-22 Human cloning is becoming one of the most controversial topics of our time....
Philosophy
Cloning issues
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I have observed in my nineteen years of living that almost everyone in this society strives to be the same or like the popular culture. The average person is very materialistic, and strives for an appealing physical appearance. Artificiality is common in the popular culture. For example, dying of hair color, inserting color contacts, getting lyposuction, implants or removal of flaws on the body i...
Philosophy
Cloning issues
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Most people panic when they hear the words “Human Cloning”. Crazy thoughts run through their heads, imaginations run wild. They think of the world being run over by a million little Hitler’s. They think of people thinking exactly like one another, and that no person would be different. And for some reason because of cloning, the world, as we know it will cease to exist. Cloning to some people is ...
Philosophy
Computer intellect
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A new issue has come about since the building of computers. But the idea behind it is not such a new issue, for as long ago as Plato and Aristotle, the idea of a mind was pondered about. With the up-and-coming technology, the idea of artificial intelligence has exploded. It is one that many fiction writers have prospered on. But how far away are they from the truth? Take the story of The Bicenten...
Philosophy
Confucianism
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Confucianism, the philosophical system founded on the teaching of Confucius, who lived from 551 BC to 479 BC, dominated Chinese sociopolitical life for most of the Chinese history and largely influenced the cultures of Korea, Japan, and Indochina. The Confucian school functioned as a recruiting ground for government positions, which were filled by those scoring highest on examinations in the Conf...
Philosophy
Confucianism
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Confucianism, the philosophical system based on the teaching of Confucius (551-479 BC), dominated Chinese sociopolitical life for most of Chinese history and largely influenced the cultures of Korea, Japan, and Indochina. The Confucian school functioned as a recruiting ground for government positions, which were filled by those scoring highest on examinations in the Confucian classics. It also bl...
Philosophy
Confucianism and christianity
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The premise of Confucian teachings are centered around the idea of Jen or the ³virtue of humanity (Ching 68).² To accomplish this divinity, five relationships must be honored: ruler and minister, father and son, husband and wife, elder and younger brother, and friend and friend (Hopfe). These relationships led a push for a revolution of the political system to adopt the methods of Jen. Confucius ...
Philosophy
Confucianism and chuang-tzu
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The brightest signs of art and thought in civilization often spring from turmoil, be it outer war or inner strife, as is definitely the case in ancient China. During one of these periods in transition of government and ruling class, two distinct philosophies sprang from the raging waters of China’s ever-cyclic river of war and rebuilding. These philosophies were the brain-children of two very not...
Philosophy
Confucius
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As Confucius' philosophy still remains in the heart of many Chinese people. His images of the greatest professional teacher of all time, the greatest philosopher in Chinese history and his influence toward the future and the past 2000 years of Chinese civilization has made his thought the essence of the Chinese culture. He always said the importance of teaching could change the future of the civi...
Philosophy
Consequentialism and deontology
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The moral obligation to one’s spouse is very important. If a person vows to love, honor and cherish until death do them part, then this before God and all who witness that to be true. If the actions of one or the other cause a “rift” in the relationship then this could be the beginning of the end of a marriage. From a consequential point of view, the person knew what he or she was doing and also ...
Philosophy
Corporate elite
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Elitist theory holds that the majority of political power is held by a relatively small and wealthy group of people, which share similar principles and interests. Most members of this group are born into affluent families. The majority of top leaders in the United States come from this privileged group. The power elite utilizes a variety of resources to dictate public policy. These individuals te...
Philosophy
Cosmogony
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What is cosmogony? Cosmogony can be defined as a study of the physical universe in terms of its originating time and space. In other words, cosmogony is the study of the universe and its origins. The origin and the nature of the universe have been one of the most debated topics throughout history. Both the scientific and theological communities have yet to ascertain a common ground on how the uni...
Philosophy
Cosmology
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Cosmology has always been an interesting area of study for me. For as long as I can remember, every time I look up at the night sky, a million questions pop into my head. Questions such as “Is there an intelligent life out there?” “How large is space, does it expand infinitely, if it does, what does it expand into?” These and many other questions still plague my mind. We can define Cosmology as t...
Philosophy
Creation and evolution
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Creationism vs. Evolution, the argument disputed by more scientists, more paleontologists and more everyday people than probably any other argument since the dawn of man. Who is right? Do the theories and evidence of evolutionists have the right answers or do the faith and facts of creationists hold the answers? What is creationism? “Creationism” is the idea that all forms of life, and particular...
Philosophy
Creation science as pseudoscience
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In every civilization throughout history, man has searched for the explanation to his existence. In ancient society’s people created origin myths. Every civilization had a unique myth. Some myths involved gods and others involved nature. Sometime around one thousand B.C. the longest standing creation myth was popularized. This creation myth is still in practice today, almost three thousand years ...
Philosophy
Creationism
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Creationism is a religious metaphysical theory about the origin of the universe. It is not a scientific theory. Technically, creationism is not necessarily connected to any particular religion. It simply requires a belief in a Creator. Millions of Christians and non-Christians believe there is a Creator of the universe and that scientific theories such as the the theory of evolution do not confli...
Philosophy
Crime decreasing issue
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Society has other alternatives to decreasing crime than simply locking people in prison. Preventative programs focus on the community, school, family, employment and places. In addition, there are rehabilitation and restorative justice programs that can also be used to decrease crime. Prisons are the only alternatives we hear about from politicians because of the notion that prisons are "tou...
Philosophy
David hume
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In An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume demonstrates how there is no way to rationally make any claims about future occurrences. According to Hume knowledge of matters of fact come from previous experience. From building on this rationale, Hume goes on to prove how, as humans we can only make inferences on what will happen in the future, based on our experiences of the past. But ...
Philosophy
David hume
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In reading the ideas of David Hume, I have came to believe that he was telling us the miracles don’t exist. They are sort of a “Mission impossible.” We have no evidence that they exist. Some might say that religion gives us examples of miracles. But there are no facts to support their miracles. If there ever was, then they were lost over the many years. People might also say that miracles happen ...
Philosophy
David hume
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"I was from the beginning scandalised, I must own, with this resemblance between the Deity and human creatures." --Philo David Hume wrote much about the subject of religion, much of it negative. In this paper we shall attempt to follow Hume's arguments against Deism as Someone knowable from the wake He allegedly makes as He passes. This kind of Deism he lays to rest. Then, digging deepe...
Philosophy
David hume
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I would like to start by stating that the arguments I will present about David Hume’s “An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding” are not going to be leaning completely towards his point of view or against it due to the fact that I agree with certain views on his philosophy and disagree with others. In “Of the Origin of Ideas”, Hume divides all perceptions into two basic kinds: impressions, which...
Philosophy
Death penalty
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Society, in general, agrees that the taking of an innocent life is an unforgivable act, and that the rape of children is particularly heinous. I will argue that all persons convicted of the crime of murder or the rape of a child under ten years of age should be given a manditory death penalty. Capital punishment is not only justifiable but is morally correct and should be the mandatory sentence f...
Philosophy
Deceptive advertisements
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Ivan Preston is the author of this article about what falsities the law permits and what it prohibits. He starts off by looking at the method of regulating advertising claims, and then Preston looks at the Aspercreme case. First, Preston tells us that the Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) key regulators are its commissioners and judges. Other regulators are the federal trial judges who try private...
Philosophy
Descartes
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Descartes believed that we should ask what it would mean to know about reality, and to examine what reality meant. He claims that unless we know first whether our belief itself is justified we can't know. To determine whether our beliefs are justified, we have to be able to trace them back to a statement, belief, or proposition that cannot be doubted. Like many other philosophers the only true an...
Philosophy
Descartes
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Descartes is famed by is familiar notion, "I think therefore I am (Cogito, ergo sum.)." It is a conclusion he has reached in his second meditation after much deliberation on the existence of anything certain. After he discovers his ability to doubt and to understand , he is able to substantiate his necessary existence as a consequence. What we doubt or understand may not ultimately corr...
Philosophy
Descartes and method of doubt
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French philosopher Rene Desartes's Meditation One: Concerning Those Things that Can Be Called into Doubt is a method of determining which beliefs are certain and which are doubtful. Descartes applied illusion argument, dreaming argument, and evil genius argument. In this paper, I will discuss how method of doubt supposed to work in general with examples and also why does Descartes adopts this par...
Philosophy
Descartes applied to biology
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Descartes method of questioning what is real is a very important aspect of the world of science. I will show how this method of philosophy is crucial to the studies of biology. Descartes said that the only time that something is not doubted is when it is clear and distinctly true. This is the difference in science between theory and fact. In order for something to be clear and distinct it must be...
Philosophy
Descartes meditation one
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I am going to discuss Descartes Meditation One: Concerning those things that can be called into doubt. I will analyze and explain what Descartes was trying to do, and explain why (In my personal opinion) that this is nothing but a few wordy paragraphs that have no real value or point to them. In Descartes first meditation he discusses that he has come to the conclusion that many of his beliefs an...
Philosophy
Descartes on existence
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The question of our existence in reality is a question which philosophers have tackled throughout time. This essay will look at the phrase, cogito ergo sum or I think therefore I am, a phrase brought about by Rene Descartes. This phrase is the backbone of Descartes whole philosophy of our existence in reality. As long as we are thinking things, we exist. When we look at this approach to our exist...
Philosophy
Descartes on first philosophy
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Rene Descartes’ Meditations in the First Philosophy is a skeptic’s speculation on certain inalienable truths. Descartes meditations are based on the epistemological theory of rationalism: that is if someone truly knows something then they could not possibly be mistaken. He provides solid arguments for what his six meditations stand for, and how he obtained a clear and distinct perception of "...
Philosophy
Descartes on god
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Upon cursory examination, one might assume that Rene Descartes is a “non-believer” in the existence of a heavenly being, a God that presides over humans and gives us faith. However, this is simply not the case – Descartes is simply trying to destroy all of the uncertainties that have come about by the attempted scientific explanations of such a supreme being. For Rene Descartes and all of the oth...
Philosophy
Descartes on knowledge
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Descartes overall objective in the Meditations is to question knowledge. To explore such issues as the existence of God and the separation of mind and body, it was important for him to distinguish what we can know as truth. He believed that reason as opposed to experience was the source for discovering what is of absolute certainty. The first meditation acts as a foundation for all those that fol...
Philosophy
Descartes on metaphysics
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Descartes’ Meditations is a discussion of metaphysics, or what is really real. In these writings, he ultimately hopes to achieve absolute certainty about the nature of everything including God, the physical world, and himself. It is only with a clear and distinct knowledge of such things that he can then begin understand his true reality. In order to acquire absolutely certainty, Descartes must f...
Philosophy
Descartes` method of doubt
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Descartes applied illusion argument, dreaming argument, and evil genius argument that is called "method of doubt" to achieve his goals: Mind and body are two different substances, the complete separation of the mental world and the physical world. Once, he claims that even awake or asleep, two plus three is always five. Even evil genius fakes us, we probably think two plus three is four...
Philosophy
Descarte`s cartesian doubt
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In his first meditation, Descartes sets out with amazing clarity and persistence to clear himself of every false idea that he has acquired previous to this, and determine what he truly knows. To rid him of these "rotten apples" he has developed a method of doubt with a goal to construct a set of beliefs on foundations which are indubitable. On these foundations, Descartes applies three ...
Philosophy
Development of man
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In the dictionary a human being is defined as a person showing qualities of people. But what exactly is a person or people? Do dictionaries go into detail about that? Where do we come from or why do we have ears? Scientists have been trying to answer questions like these for years, but everyone has a different opinion. Some say people originated from the very human like animal known as the Gorill...
Philosophy
Divisibility argument
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This paper will discuss the dualism’s Divisibility Argument. This argument relies on Leibniz’s Law and uses a different property to prove the distinctness of brain states of mental states. Mary, who is a materialist, presents several objections to that argument. Her main objection corresponds to the first/third-person approach. She believes that Dave presents that argument only from the first-per...
Philosophy
Dualism
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I believe that the popular or "ghost in the machine" form of substance dualism best solves the mind body problem. My views in this area have been influenced by my twelve years of Catholic education. The soul, or mind, depending on your level of belief, was a complete and separate entity and was the center of a human being. The body was an ambulatory device that the soul directed. The id...
Philosophy
Education ability discrimination
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I have spent sixteen out of my twenty years on this planet, in school. At age four I entered preschool and now at age twenty, as I embark upon my third year in college, school has become second nature to me. Besides my family and friends, school has been the one aspect of my life that has remained constant. In a general sense I hardly ever give it a second thought. Yet on a more specific level, I...
Philosophy
Egoism ethics
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In ethics egoism entails that the individual self is either the motivating moral force and is, or should, be the end of moral action. Egoism divides into both a positive and normative ethic. The positive ethic views egoism as a factual description of human affairs, that is people are motivated by their own interests and desires. The normative ethic is that they should be so motivated. Positivist ...
Philosophy
Emerson and thoreau
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Henry D. Thoreau gave an intellectually stimulating lecture. His political and environmental stances enchanted the audience. His ideas are indicative of self-reliance, simplicity and appreciation. His delivery invited each listener to actively enjoy what he said. Thoreau presented his lecture so that the audience had no choice but to ponder and think about what he said. He was passionate in what ...
Philosophy
Environmental ethics
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Establishing an environmental ethic is of utmost concern to the human species to better comprehend our place in the world and our potentials for the future. In doing so, we must extend our thinking of rights and responsibilities. I believe we must incorporate not only a temporal component, but also a spatial understanding of the world as an organic biotic community and how consumption is a part o...
Philosophy
Environmental philosophy
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24 views
Many authors throughout history have expressed their, or society’s, yearning towards a simpler life: a life without responsibilities or obligations, a life without worry or regret. Sigurd Olson expresses such a yearning in his essay "Contemplation", where through reading Lao Tzu, he had discovered that in order to understand and relate to wilderness, we only need a contemplative mind, w...
Philosophy
Essay
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Ever since the successful cloning of an adult sheep, world has been buzzing about the historical event. "Dolly" the sheep has redefined the meaning of the words "identical twin." Not only does she look like her mother, she has the same genetic makeup as her. This experiment was not only was thought of as impossible, but unthinkable. It was achieved in July 1996 by Dr. Ian ...
Philosophy
Ethics description
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The resurgence of ethics has been a striking phenomenon in the past decade. Although ethics has always had a role in the healthcare field, only in recent years has it become a subject of intense interest and controversy. In addition to others, this interest has affected a variety of other fields as well, in particular, philosophy, religion, social sciences, and law. Ethics are more than just high...
Philosophy
Ethics in business
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From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform...
Philosophy
Euthanasia
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I am coming from a Christian standpoint on the subject of Euthanasia. Throughout this paper I will be playing little bit of the Devils advocate, so don’t get worried. I am totally against Euthanasia or assisted suicide, whatever you may call it. I have done much research on this subject and feel it is not the answer to anything! I will give you the Christian beliefs on it as well as the any other...
Philosophy
Evil and omnipotence
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In his article “Evil and Omnipotence” J.L Mackie discusses the challenge to religious belief known as the problem of evil. What is this problem? According to Mackie “[p]erhaps the most important proposed solution to the problem of evil is that evil is not to be ascribed to God at all, but to the independent actions of human beings, supposed to have been endowed by God with freedom of the will”(Ma...
Philosophy
Evil problem
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“If it turns out that there is a God, I don't think that he's evil...the worst that you can say about him is that basically he's an underachiever.” -Woody Allen The Problem of Evil From the viewpoint of theodicy, the problem of evil lies in its origin: Does evil come from God? In spite of God? Using theodicy to define evil is basically an attempt to affirm God’s omnipotence and his/her love for hum...
Philosophy
Evolution and creation
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Ever since the publication of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species was published, there has been an ongoing debate between science and religion. Scientists have formulated many theories as to the origins of man and to the creation of the earth, whereas religious groups have one main creation theory, based on the "Genesis" story of The Bible. These theories, however, are not the cause ...
Philosophy
Evolution and creation
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Evolution versus creation has been a debate lasting decades upon decades in the United States and around the world. The mock trial held during class, however, was not to prove one view as right and the other wrong. Rather, the focus of the trial, from the view of the prosecution, was simply to prove that creation should not be taught as a science in schools. The prosecution and the defense were e...
Philosophy
Evolution and religion
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Charles Darwin’s introduction of evolution, created the battle between evolution and religion. Still, to this day, the influence of Darwinism has people asking themselves where they came from. God, a higher spirit, or the process of evolution, are the two main choices to pick from. For many years, God was the predominant answer, but after the ideas of Darwin, scientists have taken the task to tra...
Philosophy
Existentialism
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In the stranger, Camus uses Mersaults' experiences such as his mothers' death, killing the Arab, the trial, and his interaction with other characters throughout the novel to convey his philosophy, which satisfies all principals of existentialism. The existentialism idle proposes that man is full of anxiety and despair with no meaning in his life, just simple existing, until he's made a decisive b...
Philosophy
Existentialism
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Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Jaspers write of many important issues concerning our existence and society in general, but the one that interests me the most is the belief in the ignorance and stupidity of the majority of the human race. We are so narrow-minded, so asleep, so afraid of exploring ourselves and what is beyond this all-encompassing story we have created and in which we live...
Philosophy
Existentialism
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21 views
When the word "existentialism" is mentioned, what comes to mind? Lack of faith? Secular beliefs? It is a belief in living life. Could it be any simpler than that? Existentialists believe in free will, making choices, and living with those consequences. This is not some kind of weird "hippy" philosophy; it makes sense. Existentialistic thought is predominately a 20th century re...
Philosophy
Existentialist movement
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Existentialism is a philosophical movement that developed in continental Europe during the 1800’s and 1900’s. Most of the members are interested in the nature of existence or being, by which they usually mean human existence. Although the philosophers generally considered to be existentialists often disagree with each other and sometimes even resent being classified together, they have been group...
Philosophy
Fall of man
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The “fall of man” as seen described in the first book of the Holy Bible, Genesis, is portrayed as a sinister act. The fact that Eve fell into temptation seems to be the foundation on which everyone bases his or her misplaced chance at paradise. What many people fail to see is that much good came from the “fall of man”, and should be thanking Eve for choosing to fall into sin. Without Eve we would...
Philosophy
Feminine traditions
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In our society women are often pressured and conditioned to conform to traditional feminine standards. In the past fifty or so years women have begun to find modes of resistance against these cultural constraints. In this essay I will cover Bartky’s essay “ Skin Deep”, she theorizes about the “properly feminine subject”, the definition of the body, disciplinary practices and how to resist. Bartky...
Philosophy
Feminism
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What is feminism? By general definition, feminism is a philosophy in which women and their contributions are valued. It is based on social, political and economical equality for women. Feminists can be anyone in the population, men, women, girl or boys. Feminism can also be described as a movement. A revolution that includes women and men who wish the world to be equal without boundaries. These b...
Philosophy
First amendment manipulation
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On college campuses today the debate rages to limit certain kinds of speech that is racists and sexist, some students say that they have a right to say what ever they what because of the First Amendment and doing so will a volition of this right, but this kind of speech threatens the rights of minorities and dose let them engage in the leering process. Freedom of speech and the exchange of ideas ...
Philosophy
Frederick douglass
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Frederick Douglass was a famous African American orator and author of the 19th century. He was born as a slave and became one of the most important figures of the abolitionist movement. Frederick Douglass believed that slavery was the great sin and shame of America, a country that he truly loved. Douglass was most famous for his fiery speeches addressed to white Americans and free black men, but ...
Philosophy
Free speech
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The first amendment to the constitution guarantees the right of free speech and of the press. Unfortunately, some individuals have used this right to protect themselves from litigation when they produce material that is pornographic, hateful or when they use ethically questionable methods when reporting a story. The government has attempted to intervene through passing laws and imposing regulatio...
Philosophy
Free will and conscience
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"We must come to see that human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability." (King, p. 160) Robert Blatchford would argue differently about this statement, because he would say that progress is pre-determined. As he would say, progress will happen only if it is meant to happen. Are things in life such as progress inevitable or are they based upon decisions we make of our own fre...
Philosophy
Free will and freud
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People are not free and do not have freewill due to unseen forces within the human mind and areas of the unconscious not aware to us. There are arguments that go against the principle of freewill in reference to the unconscious. Many people who have done studies in this area conclude that the unconscious can be seen or measured, so it is able to exist. According to Sigmund Freud, the unconscious ...
Philosophy
Freedom
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Freedom has many different meanings. The quality of being frank, open, or outspoken along with the absence of necessity, coercion, or constraint are just some of the meanings of freedom. The quality of being exempt or released from something is also another definition of freedom. As much as freedom is considered to be a good thing it also has bad qualities that can accompany it. As young children...
Philosophy
Freedom limitation
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25 views
History has taught us that from the advent of time, man has proven himself to be his own worst enemy. Throughout history, various controversies and disputes have progressed into major wars with devastating effects. Some people believe that these are the subsequent results of increasing power in man. To many it may seem that the acquisition of varying degrees of power and influence cause marked ch...
Philosophy
Freud
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1. Freud defines three stages of sexuality, the oral, the anal and the oedipal stage. An infant in its oral stage learns that there is an external world through pleasure and pain. Human nature is governed by the pleasure principle. When the infant is being breast fed he/she feels pleasure and when pulled away from the breast the baby feels pain. The pleasure principle is a way of seeking pleasure...
Philosophy
George orwell
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George Orwell has been a major contributor to anticommunist literature around the World War II period. Orwell lived in England during World War II, a time when the Totalitarianism State, Nazi Germany, was at war with England and destroyed the city of London. (DISC) "I know that building' said Winston finally. It's a ruin now. It's in the middle of the street outside the Palace of Justice. 'T...
Philosophy
God and descartes
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May 25th, 2000 Descartes sets about proving the existence of God through his meditations on knowledge in an effort to prove the skeptics of his time wrong. He first determines that human knowledge is based entirely too much on unproved presuppositions. He argues that this makes it difficult to distinguish between truth and error, since we cannot recognize true knowledge. Descartes proposes that t...
Philosophy
God existence
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24 views
“...god is dead and no one cares drowning in his own hypocrisy and if there is a hell I will see you there burning with your god in humility...” –Trent Reznor, from Heresy Does God exist? As you can see above, even the most vile human beings acknowledge him. But trying to argue for or against the idea that God exists is much more difficult than believing that he exists or even acknowledging that ...
Philosophy
God existence
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If you take a look up out in the sky on a seemingly clear night, try and ask yourself how the stars, the moon and everything else came to be. Again the question of existence takes over your mind the same way it did everyone else's years ago. How did the world begin? What was the cause? Who was the cause? A couple of weeks ago, I had the most interesting conversation with my brother. Actually, it ...
Philosophy
God existence
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The existence of God has been a question since the idea of God was conceived Descartes tries to prove God's existence, and to show that there is without a doubt something external to ones own existence. He is looking for a definite certainty, a foundation for which he can base all of his beliefs and know that they are true. Descartes' overall project is to find a definite certainty on which he ca...
Philosophy
God existence
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In David Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Cleanthes’ argument from design is successful in supporting the idea that the universe has an ordered arrangement and pattern. This argument is not sound in its ability to prove the existence of the Christian God. However, Cleanthes does present a sound case for order in the universe, which can be seen as an aspect of one’s faith in a Supreme...
Philosophy
God existence
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23 views
In my life on this planet I have come to question many things that many take on as blind faith. We all know that someday we will ‘physically’ die, Yet, we continuously deny the forces working inside ourselves which want to search out the true outcome of what may or may not come after death. It’s far easier for humanity to accept that they will go on to a safe haven and be forgiven for all, rather...
Philosophy
God logic and bible
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Can the descriptions of God, claimed by the Bible, be proven? In Descartes’ Meditations, Descartes logically proved the existence of an infinite and truthful being. The Holy Bible describes God, our creator. I plan to compare the logically proven infinite being (God) and the Biblical God and see if their traits mirror each other. If they do then it would prove, if not give strong evidence, that t...
Philosophy
God nature description
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15 views
So many people have a false interpretation of who God really is. Understanding who God really is can clear up a lot of false pretences (ideas) that so many people have about Him. According to the Bible, there are a number of different names and interpretations for who God truly is. WHO GOD REALLY IS! Yahweh *“Eternal God” most common name used for God in the Old Testament (6829 times) *The New Te...
Philosophy
Government role
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I. Explain the distinction between substance and process and the importance of the distinction for the issues discussed in this course. “Over the past few years...the court...holding that henceforth, before it can be determined that you Are entitled to “due process” at all, and thus necessarily before it can be decided what process is “ due,” you must show that what you have been deprived of amounts ...
Philosophy
Greek justice in antigone
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In many respects, Sophocles explains the meaning of Greek justice in Antigone. On the surface, we see Antigone as a conflict between divine law and man's law. Antigone is the believer in divine law and Creon is the believer in man's law. Sophocles could have suggested one character as morally superiority over the other. However, Sophocles shows us how justice is equally mitigated to Antigone and ...
Philosophy
Greek philosophers
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Socrates, Plato and Aristotle had virtually the same beliefs about man's relation to the State, although Plato's political theory of the State was more rational than Socrates or Aristotle's. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all believed that man was not self-sufficient, they believed man would be most happy living in a State. They also believed that all men wanted to live the truly good life where t...
Philosophy
Happiness description
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Happiness dwells in each and every person at sometime or another. Happiness is described as lucky, fortunate, joyous, showing pleasure, and cheerfulness. Each of these terms depicts an apparent image of this meaningful word. Nothing is better than having a good time and usually the only time this happens is when happiness is present. There are several ways in which anyone can reach happiness: Nat...
Philosophy
Heart of darkness
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Inherent inside every human soul is a savage evil side that remains repressed by society. Often this evil side breaks out during times of isolation from our culture, and whenever one culture confronts another. History is loaded with examples of atrocities that have occurred when one culture comes into contact with another. Whenever fundamentally different cultures meet, there is often a fear of c...
Philosophy
Heliocentrism
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The impact of the Heliocentric Theory Heliocentric: Relating to the sun as a center; appearing as if seen from the sun's center.(Webster,447) The heliocentric theory was first introduced to the world by a Polish astronomer named Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus published his views on the heliocentric theory in his book Commentariolus, in 1514, which sparked the time period now known as the Coperni...
Philosophy
Henri bergson
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Henri Bergson was a modern philosopher who merged empiricism with a bit of rationalism to become part of a new empiricism that held room for intuition and movement with a flux through time. He essentially refused science’s claim to explain the universe in mechanical conditions; instead he considered life an unending creation, a matter of change and time unlike something static. In Henri Bergson’s...
Philosophy
Herodotus
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Herodotus, the first Greek historian, has been called by some "the father of history" and by others "the father of lies." Born in 485 B.C to a wealthy family at Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor, he was exiled to Samos soon after his birth because of his family’s opposition to the Persian domination of Ionia. During his youth, he traveled widely, studying the manners, customs, and ...
Philosophy
Hobbes locke rousseau
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Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau developed theories on human nature and how men govern themselves. With the passing of time, political views on the philosophy of government gradually changed. Despite their differences, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, all became three of the most influential political theorists in the world. Their ideas and philosophies spread all over the world i...
Philosophy
Human suffering
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Human suffering happens every day, everywhere, in many types and ways all around us. We do not always see it, but that does not mean it does not exist. When we do see it exist we commonly ask ourselves, "Does human suffering have meaning?" I can answer this question easily. Yes, it does have meaning. I can answer this because of the four readings we read. However, as I examine this ques...
Philosophy
Hume truths
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Hume separates his distinction of truths of into two categories. They are Relation of Ideas (ROF) and Matter of Fact (MOF). Hume states Relation of Ideas are always true based on how all its component parts relate. However, Matter of Fact can and cannot be true depending on circumstance. If its components do not relate it can not be truth. For example of ROF, all bachelors are unmarried. This is ...
Philosophy
Humor phenomenon
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There is a popular saying, “anyone can laugh at a good joke.” If one was to actually ask around, he’/she would find that this is quite true. This is part of the magic of humor. Humor, as defined by The American Heritage Dictionary, is “the quality that makes something laughable.” Laughter can be defined as “the co-ordinated contraction of fifteen facial muscles (Koestler 29). However that definit...
Philosophy
John locke
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In the Second Treatise of Government by John Locke, he writes about the right to private property. In the chapter which is titled “Of Property” he tells how the right to private property originated, the role it plays in the state of nature, the limitations that are set on the rights of private property, the role the invention of money played in property rights and the role property rights play af...
Philosophy
John locke and politics
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John Locke and his ideas about philosophy was a major influence on the American political system, not to mention many other political systems, too. His ideas were very universal, especially those regarding rights and freedom, two topics for which the United States of America is best known. Locke claimed that “there is a law of nature governing human beings and that it is knowable by human reason”...
Philosophy
John locke and substance
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1 votes
24 views
In his essay, “A Supposition of He Knows Not What,” John Locke offers the reader an intriguing view of substances and ideas. He argues for the existence of substances in our world because there must logically be something greater than the ideas and thoughts that occupy our minds. His argument for their existence maintains that we cannot see substances in our realms, but we can perceive them and n...
Philosophy
John milton`s paradise lost
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Paradise Lost is an epic - poem based on the Biblical story of Adam end Eve. It attempts to justify and explain how we came to be what we are today. The central question to Paradise Lost is " where does evil comes from?" Throughout the poem we receive information about the origin of evil. At the beginning of John Milton's work we are given the Biblical explanation, of Adam and Eve eatin...
Philosophy
Justice
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The concept of justness is a subjective reality. Justice is not present in any one person, justice appears to be present only in consensus. There is no just, justice, only the presence of action and consequence for persons in a consensus regarding their concept of justice. Justice is only just to those who have conformed to their idea of justice and have helped to create it. Those who are effecte...
Philosophy
Justice
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In the Republic, Plato attempts to answer one of philosophy's most central questions: What is justice or right conduct? Thrasymachus, who is upset at Socrates' rhetoric interrupts, suggests that justice is what is in the interest of the stronger. Thrasymachus's view of justice is that justice is the advantage of the stronger. Thrasymachus explains this by expressing that the government makes rule...
Philosophy
Justin lieber
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I read how to build a person by Justin Lieber. Justin Lieber is a professor at the University of Houston, whom also writes science fiction. This selection, which was taken from his novel Beyond Rejection, is fictional and is based in the future. The story is set in the year 2112 in a Houston hospital. In this hospital they are brains on one person into the body of another. The story starts with t...
Philosophy
Kafka`s hunger artist
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I will try to demonstrate what the public’s reaction was to the angel in “ The very old man with Enormous wings ” and Kafka’s “ Hunger Artist ” from what the authors wrote in the stories and the characters point of view. I will also try illustrate how the public has more of a meaning in both stories. In “ A very old man with Enormous Wings ” the public goes to see the old man because they wanted ...
Philosophy
Kant and mill
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14 views
The task that stands before me in this paper is to address two situations and determine the ethical parameters in which a person should act. The two philosophical approaches that I will examine the situations with the Kantian and Utilitarian point of view. Kant deciphers his ethical questions by examining a person’s motivation for performing an act regardless of the consequences. A person who uti...
Philosophy
Kant and mill theories
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The categorical imperative is a better guide for moral reasoning because it can be applied by the individual with a clear, understandable reverence for the morality of the whole community. Mill’s utilitarianism is also concerned with the whole, but the mechanism by which one can judge the worth of his or her actions is quite a leap. When a utilitarian makes a moral decision about an action the pr...
Philosophy
Kant and utilitarianism
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In the story, The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas, two points of view are introduced. The Kantian point of view is contrasted with the Utilitarian point of view. In the story there is a city named Omelas, in which a single child suffers so that the community may live with great happiness. Most of the community accepts the fact that one child must suffer for happiness to exist. However, the odd cit...
Philosophy
Kant and utilitarianism
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First of all I want to state the Kantian and the Utilitarian views butt heads on this issue. The Kantian view is nonconsequential, that is as a matter of principle with the consequences be damned. The Utilitarian view is consequential with the results given as much consideration as possible. I will attempt to explain what I mean through some examples. Some school systems hand out condoms free of ...
Philosophy
Kant on ethics
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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) had an interesting ethical system for reasoning. It is based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. In Kant’s eyes reason is directly correlated with morals and ideals. Actions of any sort, he believed, must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by reason, and no action performed for appropriateness or solely in obedience to law or custom ...
Philosophy
Kant`s morality
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Kant starts off making two distinctions regarding kinds of knowledge, empirical/rational and formal/material. Empirical or experience-based knowledge is contrasted with rational knowledge, which is independent of experience. This distinction between empirical and rational knowledge rests on a difference in sources of evidence used to support the two different kinds of knowledge. Formal is contras...
Philosophy
Karl marx
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Karl Marx wrote many works throughout his time, but one of the works of his youth was called On Man and History. This work by Marx was written when he was a youth an