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Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a fascinating individual whose unorthodox ideas and
passionate prose caused a flurry of interest in 18th century France. Rousseau's
greatest work were published in 1762 -The Social Contract. Rousseau society
itself is an implicit agreement to live together for the good of everyone with
individual equality and freedom. However, people have enslaved themselves by
giving ov... Full-text essay
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The consideration of Platonic universals consequently rouses controversy among
philosophers. Thinkers like Bertrand Russell and Thomas Hobbes contribute
reflective explanations for the undeniable usage of question-begging ideas in
language and thought. While the deliberation of Platonic universals might seem
to be fruitless and, at best, obscure to the layperson, it does function as a
critical fo... Full-text essay
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Saint Thomas Aquinas, as a philosopher, wrote several works that
justified Christianity in a philosophical context, taking cue on Aristotle's old
writings. Naturally, Aquinas took up on the Church's
"ultra-conservative" views on sexuality and worked to rationalize them
through his own theory of natural law. Aquinas argues against any form of sex
where the intention to produce childr... Full-text essay
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Sartre’s essay on existentialism was relatively an easy reading mostly because
of his frequent use of examples. His ideas on existentialism are in a way backed
up and explained through his examples. Morality and the responsibility of
maintaining morality through free will seem to be the predominant point Sarte
wants us to understand. He explains the reasons through existentialism. There
are basic... Full-text essay
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John Paul Sartre is known as one of the most influential philosophers of the
twentieth century. He wrote many philosophical works novels and plays. Much of
his work is tied into politics. The essay Existentialism is a Humanism is just
one of his many works. Existentialism is a Humanism is a political essay that
was written in 1945. Its purpose was to address a small public during World War
II in ... Full-text essay
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The word philosophy comes from Greek and literally means "love of
wisdom." The Merriam- Webster dictionary defines philosophy as "a
critical study of fundamental beliefs and the grounds for them." Because of
the diversity of positions associated with existentialism, the term is
impossible to define precisely. However, existentialism is a philosophical
movement of the 19th and ... Full-text essay
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Jean-Paul Sartre . . . the name is one of the most popular in modern philosophy.
But who was he? What did he write and what were his works about? What was his
role with regard to Existentialism? What is Existentialism, really? What life
influences affected the person as whom he became famous? How would Sartre assess
various social topics that we face today? What are the problems with Sartre's
vie... Full-text essay
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In my analysis of the philosophy of science, I will attempt to give an analysis
of Aristotle’s demonstration and scientific knowledge starting points and how
they apply to his theory, his definition in sciences, and scientific enquires of
the various questions posted as well as his ideals of explanation, which gives
clear ideal of his theory points in his premises. Aristotle starting points of
sc... Full-text essay
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Schopenhauer had an understanding of the Will, which has to separate parts. The
Will to Life and Human Will. The Will to Life, was the over all striving that
every animal did on a daily basis, the striving for the will to live.
Schopenhauer, believed that the nature of life was suffering and that this
suffering was manifested in the will to live. However, this will, in humans, was
also manifested... Full-text essay
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The arguments about these rival ontological and epistemological
views cannot be safely left or judged without first looking more closely at the
complex relationship between the general analytical interests of philosophers
and the more specific intellectual concerns of working scientists themselves.
For the degree to which each view about the reality of scientific entities and
facts can carry conv... Full-text essay
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A Self- Destruction Suicide is the act or an instance of intentionally killing
oneself According to Emile Durkheim, suicide is applied to all cases of death
resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim
himself, which he knows will produce this result (44). Suicide is a rarely ever
a spur of the moment thing. The Susceptibility to suicide is lowest among those
who... Full-text essay
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1. Explain Damasio’s view as to what Descartes’ error is, and why he thinks
Descartes is “in error”? How do Descartes and Damasio differ as to what the
“self” is? Damasio and Descartes differ greatly as to what the “self” is
all about. They have different answers to the philosophical question of what
makes up the self, and determines who a person is. A person’s identity is more
than just the body... Full-text essay
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Sisyphus is the absurd hero. This man, sentenced to ceaselessly rolling a rock
to the top of a mountain and then watching its descent, is the essence of the
absurd hero according to Camus. In retelling the Myth of Sisyphus, Camus is able
to create an extremely powerful image with imaginative force, which sums up in
an emotional sense the body of the discussion. We are told that Sisyphus is the
ab... Full-text essay
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The life of the Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 BC) marks such a critical
point in Western thought that standard histories divide Greek philosophy into
pre-Socratic and post-Socratic periods. Socrates left no writings of his own,
and his work has inspired almost as many different interpretations as there have
been interpreters. He remains one of the most important and one of the most
enigmati... Full-text essay
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While reading Plato’s Meno, Euthyphro, apology, and Crito, it became apparent
that Socrates held very strong beliefs about the relationship between law and
morality. Socrates makes it clear about the reasons laws should be or not be
followed. He also clarifies his stand on why laws should be followed and why
disobedience to the law is rarely justified. Socrates views humanity in the
context that ... Full-text essay
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Socrates spent his time questioning people about things like virtue, justice,
piety and truth. The people Socrates questioned are the people that condemned
him to death. Socrates was sentenced to death because people did not like him
and they wanted to shut him up for good. There was not any real evidence against
Socrates to prove the accusations against him. Socrates was condemned for three
majo... Full-text essay
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At the elderly age of seventy, Socrates found himself fighting against an
indictment of impiety. He was unsuccessful at trial in the year 399 B.C. The
charges were corrupting the youth of Athens, not believing in the traditional
gods in whom the city believed, and finally, that he believed in other new
divinities. In Plato’s Apology, Socrates defends himself against these
charges. He claims that ... Full-text essay
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The dialogue Crito, by Plato, recounts the last days of Socrates, immediately
before his execution was going to take place in Athens. In the dialogue,
Socrates’ friend, Crito, proposes that Socrates escape from prison. Socrates
considers this proposal, trying to decide if escaping would be “just” and
“morally justified.” Eventually, Socrates concludes that the act is
considered “unjust” and “mora... Full-text essay
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Perhaps Socrates most important gift was the ability to stay timeless. However,
his teachings were cut short when he was sentenced to death. In his speech
"The Apology", he claimed that a "good man cannot be harmed
either in life or death". If Socrates was right in this statement, then
those righteous people on earth have nothing to fear, not even death. Before the
righteous r... Full-text essay
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In Plato’s Euthyphro, Crito and the Apology, we learn of Socrates’ highly
critical view of the democracy. Socrates believed that democracy was a flawed
system because it left the state in the hands of the unenlightened and it valued
all opinions as equal. In the Apology, we see how Socrates believed it was his
duty to stand for the law and justice despite the wishes of The Assembly, and
this cold... Full-text essay
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' The Apology is Socrates' defense at his trial. As the dialogue begins,
Socrates notes that his accusers have cautioned the jury against
Socrates'eloquence, according to Socrates, the difference between him and his
accusers is that Socrates speaks the truth. Socrates distinguished two groups of
accusers: the earlier and the later accusers. The earlier group is the hardest
to defend against, sinc... Full-text essay
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"You were on the point of doing so, but you turned away. If you had given
that answer, I should now have acquired from you sufficient knowledge of the
nature of piety."(Euthyphro 14c) To understand why Socrates was tormenting
Euthyphro throughout this dialogue and why he considers himself to be "the
god's gift to you"(Apology 30e), it is necessary to first examine what
Socrate... Full-text essay
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Of the philosophers I have studied, Socrates stands out to me from all the rest.
Although I would be the first to confess that I have never put forth the time
nor the effort necessary to consider myself a philosopher (at least not in the
sense that I imagine most would consider to be the credentials of a
philosopher), my philosophy about life is most closely aligned with what I
understand Socrate... Full-text essay
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1.What beliefs did the Sophists challenge? They didn't believe that gods and
goddesses influenced behavior or absolute moral and legal standards. But that
"man is the measure of all things" and truth is different to each
individual. 2.What was Socrates accused of doing? What did he say in defense? He
was accused of "corrupting the young" and "not worshipping the
gods wors... Full-text essay
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Being raised in a Catholic family, I have always been told that my body contains
a soul. I have often wondered where my soul is and how it functions. Being asked
by my friends questions about the soul, I could not answer because I never
really knew myself, so I looked to the writings of the church. According the
Catechism of the Catholic Church, written by Pope John Paul II, the soul is not
just ... Full-text essay
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Out of all the philosophers we have examined in this unit, Rene Descartes (On
Thinking and the Soul) presents the best argument about what a soul and body
are. In contrast, I believe that Locke`s interpretation of the body, mind, soul
and self was my least favorite interpretation. Rene Descartes believed the soul
is a pure, unitary thinking thing that has no weight and occupies no space. The
soul... Full-text essay
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Death is a very natural occurrence in life, and everyone experiences
death differently, but yet in the same way. When Augustine was a young boy his
father died, and he makes a small account of this in the Confessions. Later on
in life, he loses a dear friend, and his loving mother. With time, he mentally
matures and death affects Augustine differently each time. The death of his
father was merely... Full-text essay
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In the Confessions, by Saint Augustine, Augustine addressed himself articulately
and passionately to the persistent questions that stirred the minds and hearts
of men since time began. The Confessions tells a story in the form of a long
conversion with God. Through this conversion to Catholic Christianity, Augustine
encounters many aspects of love. These forms of love help guide him towards an
ul... Full-text essay
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To trigger off any philosophy on what should be the characteristics of the state
we must first imagine living in a state of nature (living with the lack of a
state). Since we cannot trace back to any time that we’ve been without
government, we must imagine what it would be like in a state of nature. What are
people like with the absence of a state? there have been many views in answering
this que... Full-text essay
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In The Stranger, as in all Camus’ works, Camus’ views on freedom and death
– one dependent on the other – are major themes. For Camus, freedom arises
in awareness of one’s life, the every-moment life, an intense glorious life
that needs no redeeming, no regrets, no tears. Death is unjustifiable, absurd;
it is but a reintegration into the cosmos for a “free” man. Until a person
reaches this awaren... Full-text essay
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Living to die, or is it dying to live. Suicide, the intentional act of killing
oneself. "Britain abolished punishment for attempted suicide in 1961, and
by the early 1990's only two US states still listed suicide as a crime (Columbia
Encyclopedia)". The Japanese have long held to practice called Hara-Kiri,
another form of suicide. Most religions look down on this practice because it
goe... Full-text essay
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Supremacy Idea By West And Torgovnick
Philosophy coursework, term papers on Philosophy, Philosophy essays
Philosophy coursework, term papers on Philosophy, Philosophy essays
Both Cornel West and Marianna De Marco Torgovnick discuss the idea of supremacy,
Manichean theologies, and authoritarian behavior in their essays. However, they
deal with these ideas differently and for different reasons. In West s essay,
Malcolm X and Black Rage , he explains Mal colm X s views on how to transfer
black rage in such a way that it would reject supremacy. In Torgovnick s essay,
On ... Full-text essay
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In his article "The Survival Lottery," Harris suggests a situation
where a possible course of action would be to kill a healthy person and use his
organs for transplantation, thereby saving several lives at the cost of one.
However the argument Harris presents, which he claims to be rational, does
intuitively raise a certain moral repugnance. The issues addressed such as
whether letting... Full-text essay
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Charles Darwin felt strongly that observations made on large scale explorations
such as his voyage on the Beagle showed conclusively that many clearly different
organisms, animals as well as plants, were related to one another buy some
unknown law. In other words Darwin was trying to prove that evolution existed.
However Darwin does outline how a purely natural process of selection could
produce ... Full-text essay
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Many people today assume automatically that technology is progress. Still, there
is some criticism of this view in America, partially because of 20th century
wars and arms races. Marx visited China in 1984, and it seemed as though the
Chinese were incredibly optimistic about western technology, and had little
sense any problems that technology might create. Where did this idea of
technology as pr... Full-text essay
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The Views Of Plato Back In Ancient Greece
Philosophy coursework, term papers on Philosophy, Philosophy essays
Philosophy coursework, term papers on Philosophy, Philosophy essays
The views of Plato back in Ancient Greece and that of conservative
Christians today about education for children have surprisingly similar views.
Plato thought it to be most beneficial for children, if their learning consisted
of music and poetry to shape the soul, and of physical training to shape the
body. However, only stories that were fine and beautiful should be selected.
Stories that c... Full-text essay
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This essay will focus upon an appraisal of the "package of therapeutic
care" which is experienced by a selected client. The intention is to
consider the rational for and the relationship between care, treatment and other
therapeutic interventions in effectively meeting the clients needs. Within this
essay, the author will present a profile of a client, followed by the
identification of ... Full-text essay
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In a court of law expert witnesses are required to demonstrate the truth
"beyond reasonable doubt". This is difficult for a 'knower', such as a
historian, to be able to assert this at the witness stand. Let's say that a
young couple has just been married. The young couple stays together for a couple
of months before they break up. When the two individually write reports on why
the divor... Full-text essay
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The temporal world in which we live encompasses everything we know. All of our
knowledge comes from a trust of five and a half billion people that have no idea
where they came from, and no idea where they are headed; a world of blind
leading blind. A vital component of this reality exists in a form that is
neither provable, nor ideal. This supposedly perfect form of measurement, known
as time, ru... Full-text essay
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There are three working theories the “Time Traveler” developed upon his
visit to the distant future. The first is the laziness of what human-kind has
become. The second is the division between the classes, below ground and above
it. The third is based on how human evolution had gone back to its starting
point. The glorification of technology is not the answer to the “utopian”
life we all seek. Th... Full-text essay
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Transcendentalism is a newly founded belief and practice that involves man's
interaction with nature, and the idea that man belongs to one universal and
benign omnipresence know as the oversoul. The term was first introduced by
German philosopher Immanuel Kant, and was published in his "Critique of
Practical Reasoning". The impressions of transcendentalism by the American
people were sk... Full-text essay
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During the late 1800s and early 1900s, a new era was developing in American
society. The United States was an idealistic nation with separate beliefs and
lifestyles. One of the most intriguing lifestyles introduced during this time
was transcendentalism. Many authors, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathanial
Hawthorne, Walt Whitman and Henry David Thoreau, developed this idea and tried
to make peop... Full-text essay
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Robert Nozick, in his essay Rights and the Entitlement Theory, discusses the
rights of individuals and just acquisition. He makes it clear that these rights
and/or acquisitions cannot be taken away by anyone, either by an individual or
by a collective identity such as the state. Individual people and the state have
an obligation to not interfere with one’s rights or just acquisitions. As long
as ... Full-text essay
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Despite making valid claims on justice, John Stuart Mill ’s attempt to
reconcile justice and utility is not successful. Mill explains how justice
dictates certain actions and results; however, he does not thoroughly explain
how each aspect promotes the most utility for all. In other words, Mill
describes how the different interpretations of justice are often interpreted,
while explaining that the... Full-text essay
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When faced with a moral dilemma, utilitarianism identifies the appropriate
considerations, but offers no realistic way to gather the necessary information
to make the required calculations. This lack of information is a problem both in
evaluating the welfare issues and inevaluating the consequentialist issues which
utilitarianism requires be weighed when making moral decisions. Utilitarianism
att... Full-text essay
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John Stuart Mill suggests that a person’s ethical decision-making process
should be based solely upon the amount of happiness that the person can receive.
Although Mill fully justifies himself, his approach lacks certain criteria for
which happiness can be considered. Happiness should be judged, not only by
pleasure, but by pain as well. This paper will examine Mill’s position on
happiness, and t... Full-text essay
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The Utilitarian Theory is a much more structured theory than Egoism, but which
one is better? Is it better to bring the most happiness to the most people, or
is it better to maximize the happiness of the single individual? Well, in the
perfect world you use both theories in conjunction, but if you must choose one
or the other, utilitarianism is definitely the one to be used. This is the case
beca... Full-text essay
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According to the curriculum of our Athens to New York course, we are supposed to
study certain themes that are carried through history and literary works of
various eras. In addition, there are some recurring themes that also become
evident, especially in some of the more recent works that we have studied. Works
like Cornel West's Race Matters, Elie Wiesel's Night, and Franz Kafka's The
Trial, ca... Full-text essay
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Violence is a problem that we as humans, deal with everyday. Today, it seems
that we deal with it in just about every aspect of our lives. From children’s
cartoons to the nightly news, we are witnesses to its power and harm. A highly
debated argument for the causes of violence are surrounding our homes as well as
our government. No matter the causes of violence or for that fact aggressors, we
hav... Full-text essay
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Violence in the basis upon which we live. Wherever we go there is some form or
act of violence. Most people have lost the concept of right and wrong. The line
that once stood between them is now blurred. People find that they do no harm
when they commit an act that’s wrong. Violence is seen in many forms today
that there was ever before. Media has a large part in broadcasting violence.
Violence i... Full-text essay
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