The baritone has a long history. It all started in the early 18th century with
an instrument called the serpent. This snake-like tube was made of either wood,
brass or silver, and its tuning wasn't good. It had six finger holes (valves
wern't ivented yet) in the beginning, but later more were added. It was used in
military bands as a marching bass, but it could also be found supporting the
bass part in church choirs. Players of the serpent needed to be extraordinary
musicians, because when put in less talented hands it sounded horrible. The
serpent had an undistinguished life, although some people still play it today,
and was replaced in 1821 by a brass instrument, produced by a French company
called Halary, that was "a combination of the modern bassoon and baritone
saxophone" called the ophicleide. The ophicleide used keys (instead of the
finger holes of the serpent). It became popular and was made in several sizes
and keys, but by the end of the century, it had almost disappeared. Around 1815,
valves were invented by Heinrick Stolzel and Friedrick Blushmel. Valves improved
intonation and pitch, and made almost all modern brass instruments possible. At
that time, the technology was new, and it was not until 1823 that a horn similar
to the euphonium was used. The 1860s and 1870s were a major time of improvement
for the euphonium, beginning when Professor Phasey of Kneller Hall, England,
enlarged the bore of the instrument. Soon after that, over the shoulder
euphoniums began to appear, and in 1874, the compensating valve system, invented
by David Blaikley, made pitch better. The 1880s brought even more variety to the
baritone/euphonium scene with the addition of the large bore Kaiserbariton, and
the famous double-belled euphonium of Meredith Wilson’s The Music Man. Not
much happened in the development of the modern euphonium between 1888 and 1921,
because people had decided that there was enough variety and there was no longer
a need for new instruments. Baritones were taken out of wind bands and
essentially limited to brass bands. Euphoniums however, became standard
equipment for any military, marching, or concert band.